The Unofficial Diary of the Malolos Republic

Year 1896

2008-12-22T19:28:00.000-08:00

January 01, 1896
In the election of officers of the Katipunan, the following are elected: Andres Bonifacio, President; Emilio Jacinto, Fiscal and Doctor; Vicente Molina, Treasurer; Pantaleon Torres, Herminigildo Reyes, Francisco Carreon, Jose Trinidad, Balbino Florentino and Aguedo del Rosario - Councilors. (St. Clair, 241)
[The Katipunan (or KKKNMANB, or Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalang, Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Cruz, 1), known to leading Katipuneros of Cavite as Kamahalmahalan, Kataastaasang, Katipunan ...(Ricarte, 1 and Alvarez, 4)) was organized by Andres Bonifacio, Deodato Arellano, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, and Jose Dizon in the afternoon of July 7, 1892, in a house on Calle Ilaya. (Tondo) on the same day the decree deportation of Rizal issued by Governor Despujol was published in the Gaceta. (Delos Santos, 38). The first supreme council was compossed of Deodato Arellano as President, Andres Bonifacio as Secretary, Valentin Diaz as Treasurer, Ladislao Diwa, Briccio Pantas and Teodoro Plata as Councilors. (St. Clair, 43) The primary purpose of the KKK was two-fold: (1) union of all Filipinos, and (2) separation from Spain by means of a revolution. Marcelo H. Del Pilar, an active propagandist in Spain, being the brother-in-law of Arellano , the first President, is credited with having directly inspired the establishment of the Katipunan. From his sanctuary in Madrid, where he edited the paper La Solidaridad, Del Pilar advised the creation of another association, similar to the Liga Filpina, but which to include laborers and persons of little or no education, but were directed by their chiefs and caciques in their localities, who were to form its enormous nucleus which should, at the proper time, give forth the cry of rebellion. (St. Clair, 38) In his letter to T. Zulueta of June 1, 1893, Del Pilar says: “If the Masons there pretend to make Masonry an organ of action for our ideals, they make a very bad mistake. What is needed is a special organization (the Katipunan?), devoted especially to the Filipino cause; and although its members, or some of them, may be Masons, they must not depend upon Masonry. Apparently this is to be done by the L (iga) F (ilipina).” (Delos Santos, 35)]

March 14, 1896
Emilio F. Aguinaldo and Raymundo Mata, prominent townsmen in Kawit, Cavite, are accompanied by Santiago Alvarez for initiation into the Katipunan in a house at Cervantes street (now Rizal Avenue) in the district of Bambang. (Alvarez, 241)

April 6, 1896
At his request, Aguinaldo, again accompanied by Alvarez, makes another trip to see Andres Bonifacio to learn more about the Katipunan. (Alvarez, 242)

April 10, 1896
The Supremo, Andres Bonifacio, together with Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Emilio Jacinto and Pantaleon Torres, arrive in the town of Noveleta, Cavite to establish a provincial council of the Katipunan, which came to be known as the Magdiwang Council with the following officers: Mariano Alvarez, president; Pascual Alvarez, secretary; Dionisio Alvarez, treasurer; Valentin Salud, prosecutor; Benito Alix, sergeant-at-arms; Nicolas Ricafrente, Adriano Guinto, Emeterio Malia, and Valeriano Aquino, directors. (Alvarez, 243)

At 5:00 o'clock in the afternoon, Bonifacio's group, accompanied by Santiago Alvarez, proceeds to the town of Kawit as guest of Aguinaldo and the establishment of a branch of the Katipunan is discussed. A great number enlists as members of the Katipunan. (Alvarez, 244)

April 12, 1896
Mariano Alvarez, in answer to inquiry, tells Baldomero Aguinaldo that a Katipunan balanghay, not a council, can be erstablished in Kawit, because only the Supremo can authorize the putting up of a council. Eventually, a council called Magdalo (named after the patron saint Magdalena) is established with Baldomero Aguinaldo as president, and Benigno Santi, as secretary. (Alvarez, 244)

April 14, 1896
Felipe Agoncillo, one of suspected six filibusters and separatists in Batangas, after being warned by his Manila friends of his impending deportation, flees to Kobe, Japan along with Ramon Atienza on board the Japanese mail steamer, Hiorine, hiding in a coal bunk. (St. Clair, 188)

May 3, 1896
A large meeting of the Katipunan is called by Bonifacio in the house of Valentin Cruz at the back of the Catholic Church in Pasig to ask the members if it is opportune time to rise up in arms, considering that the association is no longer a secret, having been confessed by three women - two in Tondo and one in Sta. Ana, and the Spanish authorities are already watching their movements. Among those in attendance are Aguinaldo and Santiago Alvarez from Cavite and Katipuneros from Santa Ana, Mandaluyong, San Pedro Makati, Pateros, Taguig, and Pasig. Aguinaldo says the organization is not ready to fight due to lack of arms. This is seconded by Benigno Santi and Santiago Alvarez. At this point, Aguinaldo proposes that the opinion of Dr. Jose Rizal, who is on exile in Mindanao, be sought, which is agreed by those attending. Whereupon Bonifacio assigns Dr. Pio Valenzuela to meet with Dr. Jose Rizal, who embarks on board S.S. Venus accompanied by Raymundo Mata, who is suffering from failing eyesight, on the pretext that they will seek medical help. (Alvarez, 246; St. Clair, 266; Ricarte, 8)

May ??, 1896
The Japanese cruiser Kongo visits the port of Manila, and Bonifacio, together with members of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan went to salute its commander in the upstairs of the Bazar Japones, situated in the plaza del Padre Moraga, and handed him a manuscript setting forth their desire for the aid and assistance of Japan towards the gaining of independence for the Philippines. They also offered him a picture and some native fruits. The commander receives them well and even regals them with iced drinks and coffee, but did not dare to accept the document, limiting himself to the taking of a copy of it and promising to transmit their desires to the Emperor. (St. Clair, 215)

May ??, 1896
Dr. Pio Valenzuela reports at once to Bonifacio on the result of his mission to Dr. Jose Rizal, who expresses opposition to the plan. Bonifacio and Valenzuela are tight-lipped on the opinion of Dr. Rizal and would not say anything about it, which raises the apprehension of the Katipuneros. (Alvarez, 14; St. Clair, 266)
[Rizal's unfavorable position against the planned rebellion was never announced by Bonifacio even to his close associates. On being pressed by Emilio Jacinto, Valenzuela finally let the cat out of the bag, with the result that many who had promised to contribute for the purchase of arms from Japan, refused to pay the amount promised. This breach of confidence caused the separation of Valenzuela from the Katipunan. (St. Clair, 266) As news spread that Rizal and the cultured element did not support the revolution, panic took possession of the Katipuneros and a stampede was imminent; but Bonifacio said: “Thunder, wherever did Dr. Rizal read that for a revolution you must first have arms and ships? Where did he read it?” Bonifacio said and repeated with such conviction, emphasis, and assurance that he dominated the irresolute and made them return to the fold. (Delos Santos, 58)]

June 4, 1896
Sensing that the time is ripe for action, Marcelo H. del Pilar leaves Madrid to join Mariano Ponce and the other Filipino patriots in Japan to help direct the revolution. However, on his way, he is suddenly taken ill and dies in a hospital in Barcelona. (St. Clair, 112)

July 5, 1896
The lieutenant of the Civil Guard of Pasig, Manuel Sityar, reports to Manila of preparations for an uprising by thousands of rebels in San Juan del Monte, San Felipe Neri, Pandacan, Marikina and Montalban who are taking oaths and signing documents with their own blood. (Cruz, 40; Sawyer, 84).
[Sityar, Mariano Queri and Jose Torres Bugallon were among several Spanish officers who later joined the Philippine Revolutionary Army and fought in the Philippine-American war that followed the Philippine revolution against Spain. Bugallon, who died in the Battle of Caloocan between American and Filipino forces, in whose honor a town in Pangasinan is named, was the right hand man of General Antonio Luna and was responsible for the formal military training of the Filipino army. Queri became the adjutant of General Ambrosio Flores.]

July 9, 1896
A reunion is celebrated in the house of Manuel Abella in Nueva Caceres, Ambos Camarines, and among those present are Gabriel Prieto, a native priest and brother of Tomas Prieto, Severino Diaz and others; it is in this reunion that the programme to kill all Spaniards in the province is decided.(St. Clair, 80)
[Tomas Prieto, of Nueva Caceres, who, whilst on board the S. S. Isarog, on the 20th of September 1896, testified in the presence of the captain of the ship and other witnesses that he had received 50 rifles, 10 of which he had given into the care of Manuel Abella, a millionaire of that province who was eventually executed for treason; the remainder he had distributed among other persons, 3 being place in the care of Severino Diaz, parish priest of the Cathedral of Nueva Caceres. As to their plans of action, he testified that the intention was to kill all the Spainards, the mentioned parish priest of the Cathedral, the coadjutor Inocencio and Severo Entrada, all natives, having promised to aid personally to secure the success of the affair. (St. Clair, 79-80)]

July 18, 1896
The Spaniard, La Font, the general manager of the printing shop, Diario de Manila, after sending home all employees, and seeking the assistance of two Spanish lieutenants, forces open the drawer of Apolonio Cruz, a Katipunero and treasurer of the Mahiganti chapter in Tondo, Manila, who had a fight earlier with a co-worker named Patino, a non-Katipunero, and finds paraphernalia, rubber stamp, little book, ledgers and roster of members of said Katipunan chapter. The guard, who is a Katipunero, hurriedly leaves the printing shop and sounds the alarm to this colleagues. (Alvarez, 251)
[The discovery is followed by arrest and torture of those listed in the roster, and 500 more were rounded up. Rumors spread that Bonifacio was captured and the infamous Juez de Cuchillo or Judge of the Knife had been established by the Spanish government to intimidate everyone. The great apprehensions and the worsening crisis only increased the number of enlistment into the Katipunan. (Alvarez, 17)]

July 28, 1896
Rizal is granted permission to go to Cuba as an army doctor in the Spanish service. (Foreman-1899, 533)

August 1, 1896
The Governor General receives from the Japanese Emperor some messages which had been directed to him by some 22,000 Filipinos in representation of the native inhabitants of these islands, and in which, after congratulating him for his triumphs over the Chinese Empire, asks his protection and shelter for this archipelago, and its annexation to the Japanese Empire. (St. Clair, 212)

August 5, 1896
Under orders of Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto disguises as a crew member of the launch Caridad ferrying Rizal from the ship S.S. Espana which brought him to Manila from his exile in Dapitan. Jacinto asks Rizal if he is being held against his will and offers to rescue him. Rizal refuses the offer and says that he knows what he is doing. (Cruz, 42)

August 9, 1896
Governor Blanco receives a telegraph from the Governor of Batangas that a discovery of arms and ammunitions and a red and blue flag with a sun at the center, surrounded by 7 stars, being the flag of a future Filipino republic, had been made in Taal in the house of the brother of Felipe Agoncillo. Orders are immediately given that Rizal should be placed on board the cruiser Castilla which was in Cavite. (Sawyer, 84;St. Clair, 104)
[Rizal was bound for Spain on board S.S. Colon when the insurrection broke out. He was immediately returned to Manila and put to trial on charge of being the chief organizer of the revolution. The trial ended and he was condemned to execution.]

August 13, 1896
A Spanish friar-curate in a town near Manila writes to the civil governor of Manila wherein he speaks of masons and separatists and, after asserting that what they need is a little blood-letting, advises the disappearance of two or three of the more prominent citizens. (Fernandez, 23)

August 17, 1896
Andres Bonifacio, in a meeting of various balanghay or units of the Katipunan held at Kangkong, Caloocan, agrees to begin the revolution by end of the month with an attack on the city of Manila. As a symbol of defiance against Spain, those in attendance tear their cedulas (poll tax certificates), as a sign of their intention not to return to their homes but fight with Bonifacio. (Cruz, 41; Fernandez, 23 )

August 19, 1896
Fray Mariano Gil, friar-curate of the suburb of Tondo, brings to the attention of the Spanish authorities the existence and activities of the the Katipunan from information he has received from Teodoro Patino, who had a previous fight with a Katipunero co-worker in a printing shop. Bonifacio and his close associates flee to neighboring Caloocan and stay in the house of his father-in-law, Adriano de Jesus (St. Clair, 53). Mass arrests, torture and exile follow. Spanish authorities place Manila and adjoining provinces under martial law. (KalawM[1], 75; Sawyer, 84)

August 21, 1896
Governor General Blanco telegrams the Colonial Minister, Sr. Castellana, saying: “Vast organization of secret societies discovered with anti-national tendencies. Twenty-two persons detained, among them the Gran Oriente (of Philippine Masonry) of the Philippines, and others of importance... Immediate action taken and special judge will be designated for greater activity in the proceedings.” (St. Clair, 7)

August 22, 1896
Emilio Jacinto writes to heads of all Katipunan chapters calling for a meeting at the village of Kangkong, Caloocan to discuss measures to be taken against the enemy and pool together the funds of the Katipunan. (Alvarez, 243)

August 23, 1896
Close to 300 men answer the call. For security reasons, Bonifacio decides to move the meeting to Bahay Toro in the house of Cabesang Melchora (Tandang Sora), who provides food to katipuneros, whose number has now increased to more than 500. Distribution is made of 100 bolos especially crafted in Meycauayan, Bulacan, brought by Apolonio Samson, a dozen revolvers and one hunting rifle owned by a certain Lieutenant Manuel. (Alvarez, 254; St. Clair, 50; 280)

August 24, 1896
More Katipuneros arrive, swelling the number to a thousand. Bonifacio convenes the meeting in the presence of Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Emilio Jacinto, Briccio Pantas, Enrique Pacheco, Ramon Bernardo, Pantaleon Torres, Francisco Carreon, Vicente Fernandez, Teodoro Plata. The following matters are agreed at the meeting:

(1) The uprising is to be started on midnight of Saturday, 29 August 1896.
(2) The revolutionary forces shall be organized under the command of the following designated brigadier generals: Aguedo del Rosario, Vicente Fernandez, Ramon Bernardo, and Gregorio Coronel, who are given full freedom to choose the necessary army chiefs.
(3) The planning of tactics for the taking of Manila at an agreed time by the four brigadier generals.
(4) To be in a state of alert so that the Katipunan forces could strike should the situation arise where the enemy is at a disadvantage. Thus, the uprising could be started earlier than the agreed time of midnight of 29 August 1896, should a favorable opportunity arise before that date. Everyone should steel himself and be resolute in the struggle that is imminent.
(5) The immediate objective is the capture of Manila. Troops of Generals Del Rosario, Fernandez, and Bernardo are to take the offensive and converge inside the walled city. General Del Rosario is to pass by way of Tondo; General Fernandez, by way of San Marcelino; and General Bernardo, by way of the rotunda. (Alvarez, 255)

August 25, 1896
A contingent of Spanish civil guards and carabineros arrive and the Katipuneros engage them in a brief encounter. Sensing they are outnumbered, the Spaniards retreat. (Alvarez, 255)

August 26, 1896
Early morning after breakfast and with provision for journey, Bonifacio orders a march to the upper part of Sampalukan. On approach to Pasong Tamo, enemy troops engage them in a fight and the Katipuneros scamper for safety. Many are shot dead, or wounded and are left behind, together with the flag and funds of the Katipunan. The group of Bonifacio escapes to a site between Balara and Krus-na-Ligas. Bonifacio sends Genaro de los Reyes to Mandaluyong to apprise the chapter of the encounter and collect donations of food and clothes. (Alvarez, 256; Ricarte, 5; Fernandez, 23)

August 27, 1896
De los Reyes finds Bonifacio and his aides in a place called Ulat, near Balara, and learns that Bonifacio plans to go to Mount Tupasi where he will build fortifications for defense in case of encirclement. De Los Reyes and Jacinto object to the plan claiming that the Mandaluyong council is already preparing for the planned uprising and Bonifacio is needed to lead them. Eventually, Bonifacio is convinced to go to Mandaluyong with his men. (Alvarez, 258)

August 28, 1896
The Katipuneros of Mandaluyong council, headed by Laureano Gonzales, are busy preparing for the uprising. Santolan chapter of Valentin Cruz expects 15 Remington guns from civil guards who are Katipunan members and will be defecting anytime; the Sumikat chapter of Guillermo Vasquez has only bolos, daggers and spears, one rifle and one Remington gun; Liwanag chapter of Liborio de Guzman has only bladed weapons and two Remington guns; Manalo chapter of Adriano Gonzales has one firelock aside from the usual bladed ones; Sinukuan chapter headed by a certain Nonong has arms no better than the others. Additional weapons are secured by smuggling out of the Mandaluyong friar estate house three guns and ammunition, one firelock, two Remingtons, one rifle and bullets. Bonifacio with a thousand men gather at Hagdang Bato in Mandaluyong and the guns are distributed to those capable of handling them. Written instructions are dispatched by Jacinto to the Katipunan councils of Manila, Cavite and Nueva Ecija. (Alvarez, 260-261; St. Clair, 51)

The Magdiwang council in Cavite is similarly preparing for the planned uprising. Mariano Alvarez, who is the Municipal Captain of the town of Noveleta, seeks the help of two well-known Cavite outlaws, the brothers Hipolito and Hermogenes Sakilayan, to enlist more men and collect more weapons., (Alvarez, 34)

August 29, 1896
The first battle cry of the Katipunan coincides with the pealing of the church bell at 9:00 o'clock in the evening with Bonifacio's order to advance. The Mandaluyong town hall is easily captured, then Pandacan an hour later. Santa Mesa, San Juan and then Manila are next targets. General Ramon Bernardo deploys his men for Santa Mesa assault, awaiting Bonifacio and his men who are to come from San Juan del Monte. Bonifacio easily overpowers a few civil guards, but in his excitement fails to release a baloon or fire a cannon shot to alert the Katipuneros of Cavite and adjoining provinces as agreed upon. Dismayed at the turn of events, Bonifacio orders his men to retreat to Balara to rest and recover their strength, and carry out the aborted attack on Manila the following day. (Alvarez, 29)

With no signal from Manila, the Katipuneros of the Magdiwang council express the desire to go ahead and attack the Spanish garrison with or without action from the Manila Katipunan, but Mariano Alvarez cautions them to be patient and refrain from any precipitous conduct. (Alvarez, 34)

August 30, 1896
General Bernardo and his men, while awaiting the group of Bonifacio, are attacked early morning by Spanish troops who were watching their movements the night before. The Katipuneros fight bravely and even chase the Spaniards down the Santa Mesa river, where they are met by another group of Katipuneros led by a certain Ricardo Losada. The battle ended at eight o'clock in the morning with the Spaniards retreating, both sides suffering heavy casualties. After learning of the battle, Bonifacio decides to join General Bernardo. As they pass by the village called Ermitano, they are fired upon from inside the reservoir compound located at place called Vista Alegre. Despite the fusillade, they advance toward the enemy stronghold that they knew contain a powder cache. But the retreating Spanish troops that previoulsy engaged the troops of General Bernardo's arrive and encircle the Katipuneros, resulting in heavy loss to the latter. Bonifacio and several survivors manage to escape and regroup at Balara. (Alvarez, 50-51; Sawyer, 84; St. Clair, 51)
[Among those captured were Sancho Valenzuela who, together with three other comrades were executed by firing squad at the campo de Bagumbayan at the Luneta. Licerio Geronimo, who would become one of the most able generals of the Filipino-American war, was one of the active participants in this battle.]

Governor General Blanco issues a proclamation to the effect that rebels who will present themselves to authorities within 48 hours after the publication of the proclamation shall be exempt from punishment for rebellion, excepting the chiefs and all those who relapse into other crimes.
[Among those who took advantage of the amnesty was Dr. Pio Valenzuela.] (St. Clair, 271)

Mariano Alvarez is besieged by endless delegation wanting to start the uprising in Cavite, but he advises them to abide by the decision of a coordinated rebellion. (Alvarez, 34)

August 31, 1896
Failing to receive any signal or news from Katipuneros in Manila, a decision is made by Mariano Alvarez to start the revolution in Cavite at 2:00 o'clock in the afternoon after a meeting of leaders which included Artemio Ricarte. In the ensuing attack, the municipal building and the Spanish garrison in the town of Noveleta are captured together with twenty-eight guns. Aguinaldo is informed of the start of the uprising and the initial victory through an emissary (Bernabe Diaz) but he remained silent when told that Mariano Alvarez urges him to take action now. (Alvarez, 38-39;Sawyer, 85)

Governor Blanco declares martial law in the neighboring provinces of Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Laguna, Cavite and Batangas where signs of impending revolt manifested. (Fernandez, 24)
[During this period 169 persons who were suspected of disaffection were thrust into the dungeon of Fort Santiago which lies below water level, and the small air hole was firmly closed. Fifty nine of the prisoners were found dead the following morning and the rest were herded to Luneta and shot. (Younghusband, 15;Fernandez, 26)]

September 1, 1896
Aguinaldo did not immediately start the revolution in Kawit, but goes to see the Governor to ask for six soldiers to secure the town from the outlaw San Mateo, but his request is turned down. Realizing that there is no stopping on the rebellion that has began, he merges his group with the group of Tomas Mascardo and Candido Tirona, renounces his position a capitan municipal of Kawit, and invites other capitan municipales of Cavite to commence the revolution. (Alvarez, 40-41; Ricarte, 13-14)

At midnight, a mass meeting by the Magdiwang council is held and the following are unanimously approved:

(1)The Magdiwang council is to be the highest organ to direct the revolution.
(2)The following council officers are chosen:
President – Mr. Mariano Alvarez, concurrently secretary of Noveleta municipality;
Secretary of the Treasury – Mr. Diego Mojica;
Secretary of Justice – Mr. Mariano C. Trias;
Secretary of Welfare – Mr. Emiliano Riego de Dios;
Secretary of the Interior – Mr. Cornelio Magsarili;
Captain General (Commander-in-chief) – Mr. Santiago Alvarez
Lieutenant General (Deputy Commander-in-chief) – Mr. Artemio Ricarte (Alvarez, 42)

September 2 1896
Aguinaldo and his men attack the civil guards holed up in the parish house. The occupants flee to the friar estate house in Imus. The battle ends as the priest in charge of the estate house comes out with a revolver in hand and engages the Katipuneros to a shooting match. The priest falls dead on the paddy dike. (Alvarez, 46-47).

September 3, 1896
Spanish troops led by Commandant Aguirre that marched through Paranaque and Las Pinas, and took Bacoor without a fight, are defeated by Aguinaldo in the battle of Imus and are chased all the way back to the bridge of Las Pinas. (Ricarte, 20-21)

A large mass of rebels led by Mariano Llanera besiege the capital of Nueva Ecija, but are repulsed by the Civil Guards with the arrival of reenforcement from Manila. (St. Clair, 52)

September 4 1896
The captured leaders of the assault of San Juan del Monte arsenal, among them Sancho Valenzuela and Modesto Sarmiento, are executed at the Luneta. Unlike his three comrades who drop dead after the first volley, Valenzuela stays erect, kneeling and needed a second volley to finish him. ( Foreman, 369; Sawyer, 85)

September 9, 1896
Katipuneros attack San Roque which is close to the town of Cavite, and burn part of it. (Sawyer, 85)

September 12, 1896
Thirteen prominent persons who are implicated in the revolt are shot in Cavite. Among those executed are two gaol officials, a chemist, three rich landed propietors, a teacher, a schoolmaster, a doctor and a merchant. (Younghusband, 15-16; Sawyer, 85)

September 17, 1896
Magdiwang officers complain to their headquarters that the Magdalo troops are lacking in their usual respect, and to get even, Magdiwang officers are similarly becoming disrespectful towards Magdalo officers. The hostility spreads to the ranks and it reaches the situation where they refuse to give due respect to the superiors of the other army. The misunderstanding is traced to the lack of common rank insignias and the problem is solved with the adoption of the Magdalo system of ranking which is stripe in red with black cording worn on the cuffs of the shirt sleeve. (Alvarez , 49-50)

September 23, 1896
In his declaration in the presence of Colonel Francisco Olive y Garcia and others, Moises Salvador Francisco, of Quiapo (Manila) states that in April 1891 he came to Manila bringing with him a copy of the agreements arrived at by the Junta of Madrid, and these he handed over to Timoteo Paez to see if masonic lodges could be established as a commencement of the work. In the following year of 1892 Pedro Serrano arrived from Spain and then Masonry (native) was introduced into the Philippines, the first lodge instituted being the Nilad. (St. Clair, 78)

September 28, 1896
At eight in the evening, Major Aklan and his troops aided by guerrillas attack the Spaniards building fortifications in the narrow neck of Dalahikan but are repulsed and routed by reenforcement from the Spanish war vessel anchored along the beach. (Alvarez, 52)

September 30, 1896
Aguinaldo successfully takes complete control of the province of Cavite and prepares for its defence. Governor Blanco orders available troops in the south to concentrate in Manila and calls for volunteers and raises a force of 6,000 men. (Fernandez, 25)
[On this initial successes, Aguinaldo said: “.. it is inexplicable that men armed only with sticks and gulok, wholly unorganized and undisciplined, could defeat Spanish regulars in severe engagements at Bakoor, Imus and Noveleta and, in addition to making many of them prisoners, captured a large quantity of ammunition. It was owing to this astonishing success of the revolutionary troops that Governor Blanco quickly concluded to endeavour to maintain Spanish control by the adoption of a conciliatory policy under the pretext that he could thereby quell the rebellion, his first act being a declaration to the effect that it was not the purpose of his government to oppress the people and he had no desire 'to slaughter the Filipinos.' The government of Madrid disapproved of General Blanco's new policy and speedily appointed Lieutenant General Don Camilo Polavieja to supersede him, and despatched forthwith a large number of regulars to the Philippines.” (Aguinaldo, 2-3)]

The mail steamer Cataluna arrives with a batallion of marines from Spain to the great delight of the Spaniards who gave the force an enthusiastic reception. (Sawyer, 85)

October 2, 1896
The SS Monserrat arrive with more Spanish troops. (Sawyer, 86)

The S.S. Manila sails with 300 Filpinos banished for Chafarinas island, Ceuta and other African penal settlements. (Foreman-1899, 522)

October 5, 1896
General Marasigan, operating under the jurisdiction of the Magdiwang council of the Katipunan in Cavite, lays a 3-day siege of Balayan, Batangas, but is unable to dislodge the Spaniards and are forced to retreat with many losses. (Alvarez, 54)

October 8, 1896
Antonio Luna, who previously rebuked Bonifacio and Aguinaldo's offer to join the rebellion, in a statement before the Lieut, Col. in command of the Cuartel de Caballeria, confesses that in the year 1890 or 91, he formed a masonic project based on Spanish masonry: a project which might, at its proper time be applied to filibuster conspiracy. This project was discussed and approved by the Oriente Espanol in Madrid; but that center did not know the secondary ends were anti-Spanish. (St. Clair, 75)

October 11, 1896
Spanish troops surround the town of Naugbu, Batangas and fired mercilessly at all living things, people and beast alike, including the women, the old, and the young, and burn the whole town. The succorring Magdiwang troops led by Colonel Luciano San Miguel are ambushed by a Spanish guerrilla unit and massacred in a hand-to-hand combat, with only San Miguel lucky to escape alive. (Alvarez, 54)

October 31, 1896
Aguinaldo issues a manifesto, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, outlining the formation of a revolutionary government, republican in form patterned after the United States, urging the Filipino people to rally to the cause of the Revolution against Spain. [This was the first attempt to break away from the authority of the katipunan which was an indication that the revolution was slowly leaving its Katipunan mould.] (Fernandez, 28)

November 10, 1896
Spanish troops augmented by loyal native auxilliaries composing the 73rd regiment, or a total strength of 3,500 troops, attack Noveleta, Cavite, but are repulsed by the rebels led by General Artemio Ricarte with a great loss - a third of the regiment, 60 Spanish troopers and scores wounded, and forced to retreat to Dalahican, about a mile north of the rebel trenches. (Foreman-1899, 520)
[This is the first major offensive of Governor General Blanco against the rebels of Cavite after a long delay on account of lack of enough troops ( the Governor already had 5,000 troops at his disposal at that time) that can garrison recaptured territories. This delay has allowed Aguinaldo to recruit more fighters and build a mile-and-half trenches that provided the rebels with effective defence aganst the Spanish advance.]

November 11, 1896
Rebels led by Aguinaldo battles the Spanish troops and recaptured the polvorin in Binakayan, Cavite. The Spaniards retreat, suffering a great loss and leaving a large number of dead on the field. Don Candido Tirona, a key rebel leader of the Magdalo Council, is killed. [Succession of victories placed the whole province of Cavite under practical possesion of Aguinaldo, excepting the port, the arsenal and the istmus. ] (Foreman-1899, 521)

November 19, 1896
The rebels of Bulacan province operating under Mariano Llanera smash a locomotive train and five coaches of the Manila-Dagupan (English) Railway for refusing to heed the order to cease carrying Spanish troops on their line. (Foreman-1899, 524)

December 13, 1896
Camilo G. de Polavieja relieves Governor General Ramon Blanco.
[Polavieja was accompanied by General Lachambre and 500 troops, with another 1,500 in separate steamer, bringing the total Spanish force to 12,000 Europeans and 6,000 native auxilliaries.](Foreman-1899, 527) He immediately waged a veritable reign of terror and slowly recaptured about a third of Cavite. Foreman says: “General Lachambre ... at once took the field against the rebels in Cavite Province. … Battles were fought at Naic, Maragondon, Perez Dasmarinas, Nasugbu, Taal, Bacoor, Noveleta, and other places. Imus, which in Manila was popularly supposed to be a rebel fortress of relative magnitude, … was attacked by a large force of loyal troops. On their approach the rebels set fire to the village and fled. Very few remained to meet the Spaniards, and as these few tried to escape across the paddy fields and down the river they were picked off by musketry fire. It was a victory for the Spaniards, inasmuch as their demonstration of force scared the rebels into evacuation. But it was necessary to take Silang, which the insurgents hastened to strengthen, closely followed up by the Spaniards. The place was well defended by earthworks and natural parapets, and for several hours the issue of the contest was doubtful. The rebels fought bravely leaping from boulder to boulder to meet the foe. In every close-quarter melee the bowie-knife (bolo) had a terrible effect, and the loyal troops had suffered heavily when a columin of Spaniards was marched rounld to the rear of the rebels' principal parapet. They were lowered down with ropes on to a rising ground facing this parapet, and poured in a continuous musketry fire until the rebels had to evacuate it, and the general rout commenced with great slaughter to the insurgents, who dispersed in all directions. Their last stronghold, south of Manila, being taken, they broke into small detachinents, which were chased and beaten wherever they made a stand. The Spaniards suffered great losses, but they gained their point, for the rebels, unable to hold any one place against this onslaught, were driven up to the Laguna Province and endeavoured unsuccessfully to take the town of Santa Cruz. (Foreman-1899, 527-528)]

December 17, 1896
On invitation of President Mariano Alvarez of the Magdiwang Council, Bonifacio arrives in Cavite, stopping at Imus in the house of Mr. Juan Castaneda. (Alvarez, 67)

December 18, 1896
Aguinaldo, together with Baldomero Aguinaldo, Daniel Tirona, Vicente Fernandez of the Magdalo Council visits Bonifacio. Upon seeing Fernandez, Bonifacio orders his arrest whom he accuses of negligence that led to the defeat of the Katipunan in the August 29 encounter. But his order is taken as a joke and ignored. (Alvarez, 67; Ricarte, 32)

Upon invitation of Major Esteban San Juan, Bonifacio visits Noveleta, together with Aguinaldo, Tirona, San Juan, and others, and are greeted by a brass band, fireworks and shouts of “Long live the Supremo.” Then the group visits San Francisco de Malabon and are greeted similarly, with a Te Deum said by Fr. Manuel Trias, a Katipunan member. (Alvarez, 67)

December 26, 1896
Unsigned, slanderous letters start circulating in the rebel communities vilifying Bonifacio - that he is an agent of the friars, that his beautiful sister is a paramour of the priest who acts as his go-between, that he absconded with Katipunan funds, that as a mason, he abhors religion and does not believe in God, that he is a man of little education and is just a lowly hired hand in a German firm dealing in tiles. Daniel Tirona of the Magdalo Council is suspected to be the source of these letters. (Alvarez, 68)
[Not long after this smear campaign, Bonifacio met Tirona in the house of Col. Santos Nocon in San Francisco de Malabon. Bonifacio demanded an explanation for the derogatory letters about him. Striking a defiant posture, Tirona airily tried to dismiss the accusation. Provoked, Bonifacio aimed his revolver at Tirona. However, President Mariano Alvarez and the women present dissuaded Bonifacio from shooting. (Alvarez, 69)]

December 29, 1896
At the initiative of the Magdalo faction, a meeting is held at the friar estate house of Imus between the Magdalo and the Magdiwang Councils for the purpose of forming a merger of the two councils under one government and formulating a constitution. Nothing concrete is achieved in the meetiing. A proposal is also put forward to snatch Dr. Jose Rizal from his captivity, but the hero's brother, Paciano, cautions everyone and says that Dr. Rizal will not approve of the plan if lives will be sacrificed for his sake, and the proposal is set aside. (Alvarez, 71)

December 30, 1896
Dr. Jose Rizal is executed by firing squad at Bagumbayan (the Luneta).
[At past one o'clock in the afternoon, Josefina (Josephine Bracken) and Trining (Trinidad Rizal), widow and sister, respectively, of Dr. Jose Rizal, arrived at San Francisco de Malabon (Cavite), accompanied by Mr. Paciano Rizal. The Supremo received them at the house of Mrs. Estefania Potente. The Rizals had with them two small sheets of folded paper which they found under the burner they took from Dr. Rizal, when they last visited him. One was the “Last Farewell” written in very fine script in Spanish, The Supremo asked to keep it for some time, so that he could translate the poem into Tagalog. His was the first translation of the farewell poem. The other manuscript, which was in English, was translated by Mr. Lorenzo Fenoy from Batangas. Dr. Jose Rizal's widow and sister stayed at the friar estate house in Terejos, San Franciso de Malabon. They realized later that, aside from his words of solace for his parents, Dr. Rizal had an urgent message for his sister Trining. He instructed her to look for something important, upon his death, inside the left shoe of his left foot. However, Trining had not been able to do so because a tight security of enemy troops prevented anyone from coming near the corpse. What could have been the important thing buried with the great Hero of the Race? (Alvarez, 72) Paciano and Josephine joined the revolution. Paciano eventually became a General in the revolutionary army while Josephine cared for the sick and wounded Filipino soldiers. She was also reported to have sallied forth on horseback with a Mauser rifle and had the satisfaction of shooting dead one Spanish officer. After the Spaniards recaptured Cavite, she was given free passage in May, 1897 to Hongkong where she died. (Foreman-1899, 537)]

Year 1897

2008-12-20T19:40:00.000-08:00

January ??, 1897
The widening rift between Bonifacio and Aguinaldo, sometimes expressed in loose talk that smear at each other's reputation, comes to a head in a duel, in the presence of their seconds, in the dark alley in the town of San Francisco de Malabon. The two are about to shoot at each other, but are convinced to withdraw their weapons, owing to the pleading of General Santiago Alvarez. The would-be protagonists are eventually reconciled through the Katipunero priest, Fr. Manuel Trias, and General Ricarte. (Alvarez, 76)

January ??, 1897
An attempt is made to secure the friendship and help of the United States by a group of Filipinos resident in Hongkong with the presentation of a memorial to the United States consul general at Hongkong, Mr. Wildman's predecessor, in which their countrymen's grievances against the Spanish government, particularly against the the friars, are set forth, and an appeal is made to the United States imploring help, so that their liberty and independence be restored to the Philippine Islands. The document is signed by Doroteo Cortes, Jose M. Basa and A. G. Medina. (Fernandez, 51-52)

January 11, 1897
Governor Polvieja telagraphs Madrid that twelve persons including Francisco Roxas, a millionaire and Councilor of Administration, Nijaga, Lieutenant of the native infantry, Villaroel, Villareal, Moises Salvador, and several others, are convicted by the council of war with crime of treason and shot. (St. Clair, 182)

February 14, 1897
Polavieja begins the offensive at Cavite lasting 52 days, with 15 officers and 168 soldiers killed, and 56 officers and 900 men wounded. At the end of the campaign two-thirds of Cavite still remains in the hands of the revolutionaries. (Fernandez, 27)

February 17, 1897
Aguinaldo defeats the Spanish forces at the Battle of Zapote Bridge. In this battle, Edilberto Evangelista, a civil engineer graduate from Ghent, Belgium, the first Filipino professional to join the revolution, and the builder of trenches used by the Revolutionary Army, is killed. (Delos Santos, 42)
[After this date Spanish troops successively retake pueblos belonging to the Magdalo Council and the members found it necessary to withdraw to San Francisco de Malabon and join the members of the Magdiwang Council and agree on the most suitable measures for the defence of the province. (Delos Santos, 42)]

February 25, 1897
The Carabineros, or Custom House Guards, stage a mutiny at the office of the Captain of the Port. The officer and sergeant on duty are shot by the mutineers, who made off with some arms and ammunition. They are pursued through the suburbs of Tondo as far as the San Lazaro Hospital, and such of them as are not killed, escape and join the rebels. (Blunt, 133)

March 1, 1897
Spanish troops assaults the town of Salitran, Cavite and in the ensuing battle General Flaviano Yengco of the Magdalo Council, a student from Sta. Cruz, Manila, who quit law school to join the revolution, and successor to General Edilberto Evangelista, is killed. (Ricarte, 51)

March 8, 1897
Bonifacio writes Emilio Jacinto saying that the enmity between the Magdalo and Magdiwang factions of the Katipunan in Cavite is very great, at the same time, expressing dismay over the plan of the Magdalo faction to establish a government that will replace the Katipunan organization. (Delos Santos, 43; KalawM[1], 79 )

March 22, 1897
The leaders of the Magdalo and Magdiwang Councils hold the second convention at Tejeros and agree to create a revolutionary organization to replace the Katipunan. That same night the convention elects officers. Aguinaldo, who is out in the battlefield during the entire duration of the meeting, is elected President, while Bonifacio, who chaired the meeting, is elected to the lowest position, the Director of the Interior. The election signals the third and succsssful attempt to replace the Katipunan inspite of the opposition from Bonifacio and his supporters. Notwithstanding the prior understanding that the results of the elections will be respected, Daniel Tirona questions the election of Bonifacio, saying he is not qualified due to lack of higher education. Feeling slighted, Bonifacio storms out of the proceedings and declares the night's proceedings null and void. (Fernandez, 29)
[ According to Santiago Alvarez, the Supremo Bonifacio appointed Gen. Artemio Ricarte as secretary. Then with the help of Mr. Daniel Tirona, he distributed pieces of paper to serve as ballots. When the ballots had been collected and the votes were ready to be canvassed, Mr. Diego Mojica, the Magdiwang secretary of the treasury, warned the Supremo that many ballots distributed were already filled out and that the voters had not done this themselves. The Supremo ignored this remark. He proceeded with the business at hand as if nothing unusual had happened. (Alvarez, 85) On the other hand, seeing that discord was taking possession of some minds, the delegates from Batangas declared that “.. Everybody knows ... our loyalty to the founder of the Katipunan and Magdiwang; but if, against all reason, the result of an election so thoroughly agreed upon between all is to be invalidated, we, the Batanguenos, will impose it by force, and we will do it alone if the sons of Cavite will not respect it." The delegates from Central Luzon supported the Batanguenos and made those present come to reason that paved the way for taking of their oath of office by those elected. (Delos Santos, 53)]

March 23, 1897
The elected officers of the revolutionary government led by Aguinaldo, including those identified with the Magdiwang Council and associated with Bonifacio, namely: Mariano Trias as Vice President, the reluctant Artemio Ricarte as General in Chief, and Mariano Riego del Dios as Director of War - take the oath of office in a solemn ritual in the convent at Tanza, Cavite. (Delos Santos, 45)
[A secret document of this date signed by Bonifacio, Mariano Alvarez, Ricarte, Diego Mojica and 40 other persons state that they cannot accept the results of the election of the 22nd of March, especially the election of president, because it lacked legality, and the ballots having been prepared by one person; that the signors intend to separate from the Magdalo organization and perpetuate the aims and purposes of the Katipunan. It is claimed that Aguinaldo, on learning what was being plotted against him, barged into the meeting before the signors had taken their oath, and Mariano Trias, Severino de las Alas and nearly all, except Bonifacio, went to Aguinaldo's side. Bonifacio, upon seeing that things were beginning to look ugly for him and having enough of it, decamped and left for Jalang. (Delos Santos, 46-47)]

March 25, 1897
The 74th Regiment of the Spanish Native Infantry composed of Visayan recruits, after refusing to march against the rebels the day before when eight corporals were shot on the spot for disobeying orders, deserts in a body to Aguinaldo, saying they were willing to fight the foreign enemies of Spain, but not against their own friends. (Sawyer, 107)

March 31, 1897
Miguel Malvar of Batangas is appointed General by Aguinaldo.

April 14, 1897
Upon receiving reports: (1) that Bonifacio is recruiting forces, (2) inducing General Ricarte to resign as Captain General, (3) that General Malvar is loaning rifles to Bonifacio, Aguinaldo writes to the provincial government of Batangas instructing everyone to support the new government and that failure to do so could be seen as a sign of lack of patriotism, which the nation will punish with severity and without delay. (KalawM[1], 83)

April 15, 1897
Gov. Gen. de Polavieja returns to Spain, broken in health, leaving behind an archipelago far from peaceful.

April 16, 1897
Bonifacio writes to Emilio Jacinto saying that a Jesuit priest named Pio Pi and a Spaniard by the name of Rafael Comenge submited a proposal for cessation of hostilities and amnesty to rebels, which Aguinaldo has considered with favor on condition that provision for specific reforms such as expulsion of the friars and deputation to the Cortes be included; that the proposal was forwarded to the Magdiwang Council and both he and Mariano Alvarez rejected it; that key officers of Magdalo, namely: Daniel Tirona, Juan Cailles and Jose del Rosario, Minister of war, Lieutenant General and Director of War, respectively, have surrendered to the Spaniards, along with other officers and some inhabitants of Tansa, all Magdalo men; that the Batangas Council had placed themselves under the authority of the Supreme Council and he has helped establish a provincial government there with General Miguel Malvar as their leader; that he intends to leave Cavite and proceed to Central Luzon to generalize the war; that the arms (ordered through Feliciano Jocson) have not arrived causing it to delay his departure. He also warns Jacinto to be careful with Mamerto Natividad, a Magdalo man, who will talk ill of them. (Delos Santos, 44)

April 24, 1897
Bonifacio again writes to Jacinto explaining what actuall happened during the Tejeros convention and the reason why he has not recognized the election results. He also mentions the seeming tendency of the Magdalo men to surrender the revolution to the Spaniards and his constant fear of a threat on his life not only from the Spanish soldiers but also from the Magdalo men. (Delos Santos, 45-46)

April 28, 1897
Brig. Gen. Mariano Noriel reports to Aguinaldo that Col. Agapito Bonzon with some men of the army was sent to investigate matters relating to the Supremo; that Bonifacio was hostile when approached and opened fire on the troops, resulting in the death of Ciriaco, a brother of Bonifacio, one rifleman and one boloman, and the wounding of Bonifacio, himself; that twenty riflemen, Bonifacio and his brother Procopio were taken prisoners. (KalawM[1], 84; Taylor, 304)

April 30, 1897
Gov. Gen. Primo de Rivera, who replaced de Polavieja, begins a campaign of 20 days against the rebels, which broke the organized resistance in Cavite. (Fernandez, 31)

May 3, 1897
Artemio Guevarra, a supporter of Bonifacio, writes to Emilio Jacinto narrating the incident about the visit of Col. Agapito Bonzon; that upon being asked what the purpose of the visit was, Col. Bonzon replied that he came to ask Bonifacio to meet with the government of Aguinaldo to prevent the separation between the two groups; that Bonifacio replied he will never go back to Cavite where he is treated a nobody; that thereupon Col. Bonzon took his leave and then a firefight ensued, Bonifacio was wounded. (KalawM[1], 84)

May 4, 1897
Pantaleon Garcia submits to Aguinaldo a report on the result of the investigation on matters relating to Bonifacio. The report says that Bonifacio refuses to recognize the Revolutionary government and its head, and that Bonifacio is recruiting people in Limbon, Cavite and putting to jail those who opposed him; that Bonifacio has hired a certain Pedro Giron for ten pesos to kill Aguinaldo. The report recommends a court martial be appointed to study more carefully and to determine if law and justice could be executed. (KalawM[1], 85)

May 4, 1897
The appointed Court Martial meets at Maragondon, presided over by Mariano Noriel, and including Mariano Riego de Dios. Esteban Infante, Sulpicio de la Cruz, Crsostono Riel (?), Placido Martinez. and probably Tomas Mascardo. Placido Martinez acts as lawyer for Andres Bonifacio, and Teodoro Gonzales for Procopio Bonifacio; and Jose Elises acts as fiscal or prosecuting attorney. The fiscal maintains that Andres Bonifacio and his brother are guilty of conspiracy and sedition, and should, therefore, be sentenced to death. Bonifacio's lawyer, Martinez, seems to admit Bonifacio's guilt but seeks pardon for him and his brother, Procopio. Bonifacio’s request for permission to speak is granted. The court martial finds that Bonifacio knew of a government in the locality where he was; that he was inducing officials and soldiers from the Revolutionary Government to join him; that he was recruiting and arming men at Limbon to overthrow the Revolutionary Government; and that he had fired the first shots against Col. Bonzon's troops. He is therefore guilty of conspiracy and sedition against the Revolutionary Government, and the Court sentences him to death. The death sentence is signed by Sulpicio de la Cruz, Crisostomo Riel, Mariano Noriel, Tomas Mascardo, Esteban Infante, and Placido Martinez.

May 7, 1897
The court martial sends the death sentence document to the Commander-in-Chief, President Emilio Aguinaldo. This is referred to the Auditor of War and Adjutant General Baldomero Aguinaldo, who confirms the sentence, though he asks that an investigation be conducted regarding the alleged maltreatment of Bonifacio's wife by Col. Bonzon.

May 8, 1897
Aguinaldo commutes the sentence of the Bonifacio brothers from death to permanent exile on an island (KalawT[1], 39), but several of Aguinaldo's men, notably Feliciano Jocson, Antonio Montenegro, Teodoro Gonzales, Severino de las Alas, Baldomero Aguinaldo, and Mariano Trias Closas, urge him to proceed with the death sentence. (Ricarte, 82)

May 10, 1897
Bonifacio and his brother Procopio are executed at Mt. Buntis, Maragondon Cavite by Filipino soldiers under the command of Lazaro Makapagal, following a written order signed by Col. Mariano Noriel.

June 10, 1897
Aguinaldo with a small band of devoted followers, elude Spanish forces within sight and hearing of Manila to the mountains of San Mateo, then to Biaknabato in Bulacan. (Fernandez, 31-32)

June 24, 1897
General Gregorio del Pilar receives the flag of the batallion of the Spanish garrison at Bulacan, Bulacan, under the command of Comandante Ortiz as an act of surrender in consequence of their defeat in the hands of the Filipino rebels. (Khaki[2], 15)

After the rebels lose several battles, Spanish troops retake Cavite as Aguinaldo and his men flee.

July ??, 1897
An unsigned, undated manifesto circulates which formalizes the demands of the Filipinos, namely: (1) Expulsion of the friars, and restitution to the townships of the lands which the friars have appropriated, dividing the incumbencies held by them, as well as the episcopal sees, equally between Peninsular [Spanish] and Insular [Filipino] secular priests. (2) Spain must concede to us, as she has to Cuba, parliamentary representation, freedom of the press, toleration of all religious sects, laws common with hers, and administrative and economic autonomy. (3) Equality in treatment and pay between Peninsular and Insular civil servants. (4) Restitution of all lands appropriated by the friars to the townships, or to the original owners, or, in default of finding such owners, the state to put them up at public auction in small lots of a value within the reach of all, payment to be made within four years, as in the case of the present state lands. (5) Abolition of the government's authority to banish citizens, as well as of all unjust measures against Filipinos; legal equality for all persons, whether Peninsular or Insular, under the civil as well as the penal code. (Robinson, 32)

July ??, 1897
Aguinaldo issues a manifesto which essentially declares the aspiration of the Filipinos to attain independence, viz: “We aspire to the glory of obtaining the liberty, independence and honor of the country.... We aspire to a government representing all the live forces of the country, in which the most able, the most worthy in virtue and talent, may take part, without distinction of birth, fortune or race. We desire that no monk nor friar shall sully the soil of any part of the archipelago, nor that there shall exist any convent, etc.” (Robinson, 33)

July 2, 1897
Gov. Gen. de Rivera issues an edict restricting travel and requiring approved passes for such.

July 05, 1897
From the mountain fastness of Biaknabato, Bulacan, Aguinaldo issues a proclamation appealing to all Filipinos to continue the fight and support the revolution. (KalawM[1], 89)

August 9, 1897
Aguinaldo signs a power of attorney in favor of Pedro Paterno, stating his terms, which were tantamount to a protocol of peace, and which was to serve as a basis for a peace agreement known as the Pact of Biaknabato providing for monetary compensation to the victims of the revolution and a promise of political reforms. (Foreman-1899, 544; Fernandez, 36)

August 13, 1897
Paterno presents the demands of the revolutionaries to Gov. Gen. Primo de Rivera who rejects it saying that only the Spanish Cortes can enter into such an agreement, and claiming the compensation ($3 million Mexican) asked is much too high. (Fenandez, 37)

September 6, 1897
Aguinaldo issues a proclamation - continue the fight, conduct guerilla warfare and prolong the conflict to wear out Spain. (Fernandez, 33)

September ??, 1897
After a relative lull in fighting during July and August conflict is renewed in Laguna, Batangas, Pampanga and Nueva Ecija; guerilla warfare is extended to Principe, Tarlac and Pangasinan.

October 21, 1897
Commodore Dewey receives an order detaching him as president of the board of inspection and survey and to take passage to Japan in a Pacific mail steamer sailing from San Francisco on December 7 and to relieve Acting Rear Admiral McNair on board the ship Olympia. Dewey spends the one month sojourn at Washington studying charts and maps of the Philippine Islands. (Dewey, 170; Olcott, 39)

November ??, 1897
The thought of taking the Philippines if war is declared against Spain came to Dewey while in command of the Narrangansett as she lays anchored in the Gulf of California, whereupon he seeks the command of the asiatic squadron and with Mr. Roosevelt's aid obtains it. (Storey,36)

November 1, 1897
The Constitution of Biaknabato is adopted by the revolutionaries at Biaknabato, Bulacan to take effect only for two years, with Aguinaldo as President, Mariano Trias as Vice President, Isabelo Artacho, Secretary of the Interior, Antonio Montenegro, Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Baldomero Aguinaldo, Secretary of Treasury and Emilio Riego de Dios, Secretary of War.(KalawM[1], 91-92; Fernandez, 34)

Aguinaldo accepts Pedro Paterno's offer as mediator between the rebels and Gov. Gen. Primo de Rivera, and gives Paterno authority to negotiate for the insurgents, and states that the reforms which would be acceptable to the revolutionists as a basis for peace were as follows: (1) Expulsion of the religious orders, or at least regulations prohibiting them from living together in cloisters, (2) Representation of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes, (3) Application of true justice in the Philippines, the same for the native as for the Spaniard. The same laws in Spain and the Philippines. The natives to have a share in the higher offices of the civil administration, (4) Adjustment of property, of taxes and parishes, in favor of the native, (5) Proclamation of the individual rights of the native, as well as his liberty to combine with others in associations, and the liberty of the press. ( KalawM[1], 92-93)

November 2, 1897
The Hong Kong junta, a committee of expatriated Filipinos working for the cause of the revolution, is formally inaugurated.

November 3, 1897
Felipe Agoncillo approaches the American consul in Hongkong, Rounseville Wildman, proposing an alliance in case war breaks out between Spain and the United States. As reported by Consul Wildman to the U.S. State Department, Mr. Agoncillo holds a commission, signed by the president, members of cabinet, and general in chief of the republic of Philippines, empowering him absolutely with power to conclude treaties with foreign governments. Mr. Agoncillo offers on behalf of his government alliance offensive and defensive with the United States when the United States declares war on Spain, which, in Mr. Agoncillo's judgment, will be very soon. In the meantime he wishes the United States to send to some port in the Philippines 20,000 stand of arms and 200,000 rounds of ammunition for the use of his government, to be paid for on the recognition of his government by the United States. He pledges as security two provinces and the custom-house at Manila. He is not particular about the price- is willing the United States should make 25 per cent or 30 per cent profit. (Olcott, 142-143; Atkinson, 48)

November 7, 1897
Aguinaldo issues a new power of attorney in favor of Pedro Paterno to proceed with the peace negotiations with certain amendments, including the reduction of compensation from $3 million to $1.7 million. (Foreman-1899, 545)

November 10, 1897
Mamerto Natividad, Commander-in-Chief of the revolutionary forces of Central Luzon dies in an encounter with Spanish cazadores in San Fernando, Cabiao, Nueva Ecija.

November 14, 1897
Pedro Paterno succeeds in extracting from the revolutionaries a reduced compensation package of $800,000 Mexican Dollars and submits the revised draft to the Spanish authorities. (Fernandez, 38)

November 18, 1897
Paterno presents the revised draft of peace agreement to Gov. Gen. Primo de Rivera who gives it his instant consideration. (Fernandez, 38)

November 20, 1897
Spanish authorities in Madrid give Gov. Gen. Rivera the full authority to conclude negotiations at once with the Filipino rebels. (Fernandez, 38)

December ??, 1897
President McKinley, in a message to Congress about U.S. Intentions in Cuba, says: “I speak not of forcible annexation, because that is not to be thought of, and under our code of morality that would be criminal aggression.” (Swift, 39)

[One year later, President McKinley did exactly the opposite by forcibly imposing American sovereignty over the unwilling Filipinos.]

December 7, 1897
Commodore Dewey, after obtaining the commandership of the U.S. Asiatic Squadron with the help of Vice President Theodore Roosevelt, sailed Japan to take his position. (KalawM[2], 19)

December 12, 1897
Pedro Paterno, accompanied by two Filipino rebel leaders, returns to Manila from Biak-na-bato, with authorization from Aguinaldo to enter into a peace agreement with the Spanish authorities on his behalf. (Fernandez, 38)

December 15, 1897
Third Asst. Secretary Thos. W. Cridler replies to American Consul in Hongkong, Mr. Wildman, advising him to tell Agoncillo that the United States does not negotiate such treaties and that it is not possible to send the arms and ammunition. Mr. Wildman is told to refrain from encouraging Agoncillo to make any advances and should courteously decline to communicate with the department regarding Agoncillo's mission. (Olcott, 144)

December 20, 1897
The peace pact, signed by the Filipino rebels and Spanish authorities in December 14 and 15, is ratified by the revolutionary council. Among the numerous reforms the Spanish authorities promised to make are: representation in the Spanish Cortez, freedom of the press, general amnesty for all insurgents, and the expulsion or secularization of the monastic orders. The document also provides for the surrender of Aguinaldo and his followers and for full amnesty for them. The rebellion is to be ended and arms surrendered. The monetary consideration provides for the sum of 800,000 pesos, to be paid in three installments, one of which, a check for 400,000 pesos, is to be given Emilio Aguinaldo upon his departure for Hongkong.(KalawM[1], 94)

[It is claimed that the peace documents did not make reference to promised reforms. Gov. Gen. Primo de Rivera insisted that the peace agreement covered only an act of surrender for money. Aguinaldo, however, claimed Rivera verbally committed to the reforms but requested not to put these in writing as this will put the Spanish government in an embarassing position. The reference to promised reforms is very evident in the parting words of Aguinaldo to Gov Gen Primo de Rivera before the exile-rebels left for Hongkong: "Those who were Filipino rebels, on leaving the land of their birth, send their farewell greetings, not without profound emotion and with tears in their eyes, leaving in the hands of Your Excellency the guardianship of their homes and the protection of the soil where they first saw the light of day. All are confident that Spain, impelled by right and justice, will grant the reforms without bloodshed or combat, since so much blood has already stained the soil of Luzon ..."(Fernandez, 42-43)

December 23, 1897
Spanish Generals Tejeiro and Ricardo Monet arrive in Biaknabato, there to remain as hostages for the safe passage of the Filipino rebel leaders as provided for in the peace agreement. (Fernandez, 43)

December 27, 1897
Aguinaldo and 35 other Filipino rebel leaders leave for Hong Kong on exile aboard the steamer Uranus, an option which some of the rebel leaders were allowed to exercise. Those who will remain in the country will take it upon themselves to monitor the faithful implementation of the peace agreement. (Fernandez, 43)
[The rebel leaders who left for Hongkong with Aguinaldo were: Mariano Llanera, Tomas Aguinaldo, Vito Belarmino, Antonio Montenegro, Escolastico Viola, Lino Viola, Valentin Diaz, Dr. Anastacio Francisco, Benito Natividad, Gregorio H. del Pilar, Manuel Tinio, Salvador Estrella, Maximo Kabigting, Wenceslao Viniegra, Doroteo Lopez, Vicente Lukban, Primitivo Artacho, Tomas Mascardo, Joaquin Alejandrino, Pedro Aguinaldo, Agapito Bonson, Carlos Ronquillo, Teodoro Legazpi, Agustin de la Rosa, Miguel Valenzuela, Antonio Carlos, Celestino Aragon, Jose Aragon, Pedro Francisco, Lazaro Makapagal y Lakang-dula, Silvestre Legazpi, Vitaliano Famular, Vicenter Kagton, Francisco Frani and Eugenio de la Cruz.]

December 31, 1897
As provided in the peace agreement, the surrender of arms of the Filipino rebels begins and will continue until February the following year.
[According to the inventory signed by Baldomero Aguinaldo, Pio del Pilar and Urbano Lacuna for the rebels and Miguel Primo de Rivera for the Spanish government the following armaments were surrendered: 458 rifles, mostly Remington and Mauser, 724 Muskets and other firearms, 120 lantakas (small native cannon); 20 revolvers; 796 sabers, bolos and spears; and 13,992 rounds of ammunitions.](Fernandez, 43)

Year 1898

2008-12-18T19:50:00.000-08:00

January 3, 1898
Aguinaldo deposits $400,000 in Hongkong and Shanghai Bank at 2% interest per annum. The self-exiled revolutionaries agree to keep the principal in the bank as a trust fund, and "…in case the Spaniards did not live up to the agreement, the money received would not be divided but would be destined to purchase arms to renew the war.” (Fernandez, 48)

Commodore Dewey takes over command of the Asiatic fleet from Rear Admiral Robert McNair at the harbor of Nagasaki, Japan. (Dewey, 174)

January 4, 1898
Aguinaldo withdraws $200,000 from Hongkong and Shanghai Bank and deposits the same with Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China at 4% interest per annum, with privilege to withdraw $50,000 every quarter. (Fernandez, 48)

January 21, 1898
Instructions are cabled to the commanders of the various squadrons to retain in service men whose terms of enlistment were about to expire. (Olcott, 39)

January 23, 1898
A solemn Te Deum is sung in the Cathedral at Manila, in thanksgiving for the coming of peace. (Fernandez, 45)

January 24, 1898
The U.S. battleship Maine is ordered to proceed to Havana, Cuba. (Buel, 343)

January 25, 1898
Commodore Dewey receives cable message from the chief of the Bureau of Navigation directing him to retain all of his men whose enlistments has expired. (Dewey, 203)

February ??, 1898
Emilio Jacinto, the right hand man of the slain Bonifacio, issues his Sangguniang Hukuman, revealing that he is still very busy "katipunizing" the province of Laguna. (Fernandez, 50)

February 10, 1898
A group of influential Filipinos residing in Madrid issues a manifesto asking the Spanish government for reforms in the administration of the Philippine islands, preferring assimilation, instead of revolution, separation, or independence. (Fernandez, 46)

February 15, 1898
The U.S. battleship Maine blows up with loss of 266 American lives in Havana harbor in Spanish-held Cuba under mysterious circumstances. Public opinion in America attributes the disaster to Spanish malice. [The Spaniards indignantly repudiated this charge and invited an official inquest. Again, at the Conference of December 6, 1898, the Spanish Commissioners of the Peace Commission at Paris proposed an additional article to the treaty "to appoint an International Commission to be entrusted with investigating the causes of, and responsibility for, the Maine catastrophe," but the proposal was rejected by the American Commissioners.] (Foreman, 418)
[In 1976, Admiral Hyman G. Rickover published his book, How the Battleship Maine Was Destroyed. The admiral became interested in the disaster and wondered if the application of modern scientific knowledge could determine the cause. He called on two experts on explosions and their effects on ship hulls. Using documentation gathered from the two official inquiries, as well as information on the construction and ammunition of Maine, the experts concluded that the damage caused to the ship was inconsistent with the external explosion of a mine. The most likely cause, they speculated, was spontaneous combustion of coal in the bunker next to the magazine.
(Maine]

February 22, 1898
American Consul in Manila, Williams, sends a dispatch to Washington saying: "Conditions here and in Cuba are practically alike. War exists, battles are of almost daily occurrence, ambulances bring in many wounded and hospitals are full. Prisoners are brought here and shot without trial, and Manila is under martial law. The crown forces have not been able to dislodge a rebel army within ten miles of Manila, and last Saturday, February 19, a battle was there fought. A republic is organized here as in Cuba. Insurgents are being armed and drilled; are rapidly increasing in numbers and efficiency, and all agree that a general uprising will come as soon as the Governor-General embarks for Spain, which is fixed for March." He adds, "All authorities now agree that unless the crown largely reinforces its army here, it will lose possession" (Storey, 30; Robinson, 38)

February 25, 1898
Dewey receives a cable from Roosevelt, the Assistant secretary of the Navy, to bring the fleet to Hongkong and kept full of coal and provisions. In case war with Spain is declared, his duty is to prevent the Spanish fleet from leaving the Asiatic coast and to commence offensive operations in the Philippine islands. (Dewey, 179; Olcott, 39; KalawM[2], 20; Dewey_Adelbert, 203)

February ??, 1898
Dewey sends one of the captains ashore to endeavor to make arrangements and terms with Filipino leaders then residing in Hongkong. This officer, who is dressed in civilian clothes, is suspected of being a Spanish spy and his overtures are rejected by Filipinos. [this endeavor was attempted upon three different occasions] (Sheridan, 41)

March ??, 1898
Unmistakable signs of impending danger shows. The outward calm is usually broken and disorders are reported in many places. [Several factors contributed to the situation, namely: (1) failure of the Spanish authorities to fully pay the agreed imdemnity, (2) general amnesty was never fully implemented and persons implicated in the rebellion were rearrested on trumped up charges, and (3) failure of the administration to implement reforms. (Fernandez, 49)

The natives of Northern Zambales beseige the cable station at Bolinao and seize the telegraph lines connecting this town and Manila. [They held their positions successfully until reinforcements arrived from Manila.] (Fernandez, 49)

March 9, 1898
The United States congress appropriates $50 million for national defence and for each and every purpose connected therefrom, to be expended at the discretion of the president. (Everett, 18)

March 17, 1898
The newspaper, Diario de Manila, publishes an article demanding autonomy and carrying out reforms provided for by the Pact of Biak-na-bato. Governor General Rivera orders the suspension of the paper. (Robinson, 35)

March 19, 1898
American Consul in Manila, Williams, reports to Washington saying that a Spanish battle ship, the Don Juan de Austria, was sent this week to the northern part of Luzon to cooperate with a land force of 2,000 dispatched to succor local forces that were overwhelmed by rebels. (Treaty, 320)

March 24, 1898
Elements of Seventy-fourth Spanish Regiment, recruited among the Visayans, refuse to obey orders to attack the Tagalog rebels in Cavite. Eight corporals are called out and shot to death in the presence of the regiment. Again orders to advance are given and disobeyed. The regiment expresses willingness to fight the foreign enemies of Spain, but they would prefer to be shot than fight their friends (the Tagalogs). [All are sent to barracks to be punished later, but the next morning the whole regimet took arms and deserted to the rebels. Another regiment followed later.] (Knapp, 169)

March 25, 1898
Acting on unverified information provided by a passer-by, police raids a house at Calle de Camba in Binondo, frequented by sea-faring Visayan men, who were suspected of a conspiracy, and indiscriminately fires at everyone who is unable to escape, killing more than 70 innocent persons. (Foreman-1899, 551)

Serious outbreak is reported in various parts of the country, some at the instigation of former Filipino rebel leaders who were not satisfied with the terms of the peace pact. (Fernandez, 50-51)
[Feliciano Jocson, an avid katipunero and head of gobierno departmental of Central Luzon, and who openly opposed the peace treaty, refused to abide by the peace agreement and attempted to attack Manila. His men were surprised at their staging area in Binondo and most of them were killed. Jocson flees but is captured by Venancio Cuesto on orders of Aguinaldo and is placed under house arrest. Upon request of General Pio Del Pilar, Jocson is taken from the Cueto's house and according to Artemio Ricarte he "mysteriously disappeared." The body of Jocson was later found near the cemetery of Mandaluyong, Rizal. (Alvarez, 204)]

March 27, 1898
American Consul in Manila, Williams, writes to State Department, saying: "On Friday morning, March 25, a church holiday, a meeting of natives was being held near my consulate in Manila, the natives being unarmed. The building was surrounded by police and military, the meeting broken up, twelve natives wantonly shot to death, several wounded and sixty-two taken prisoners. Saturday morning, March 26, the sixty-two prisoners were marched in a body to the cemetery and shot to death, although it was shown that several were chance passers-by or employees in ships adjoining, not being in attendance at the meeting. It was cold comfort to the widows and orphans of innocent men to have Spanish officers present them with the mangled corpses of husbands and fathers." (Treaty, 321-322)
[Consul Williams was referring to the failed uprising led by Feliciano Jocson two days ago.]

March 31, 1898
Consul Williams, reports to Washington saying: "A recent uprising at Cape Bolinao, on the northwest coast of this island (Luzon), about 300 miles from Manila, was crushed by united action of two regiments of infantry aided by the battle ship Don Juan de Austria. A British shipmaster there at the time reports about forty killed and forty wounded. After surrender, the Spaniards put dead and wounded together in a house and by burning it cremated all." (KalawM[2], 66)

March 31, 1898
Dewey, possibly from information given by Filipino exiles in Hongkong, cables to the Navy Department: "There is every reason to believe that with Manila taken or even blockaded the rest of the Islands would fall to the insurgents or ourselves." (Robinson, 71)

April ??, 1898
Former Filipino rebel leaders are starting to regroup. The Constitution of the General Executive Committee of Central Luzon is adopted and signed by 45 persons among whom are Francisco Macabulos Soliman, former officer of Aguinaldo, and Valentin Diaz, one of the six founders of the supreme council of the Katipunan, which attempted to establish a government to operate in the provinces of Tarlac, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Union and Nueva Ecija. (Fernandez, 51)

April ??, 1898
Filipino exiles in Hong Kong confer with Admiral Dewey, initiated by Commander Edward P. Wood , American commander of the gunboat Petrel. [Several conferences were held and were stopped on April 7, when Aguinaldo, accompanied by two other Filipinos, and went to Singapore, to escape Artacho's threatened suit, arriving at this port on the 21st. When war was declared, therefore, Aguinaldo was at Singapore, where E. Spencer Pratt, the American consul general at that city, sought him out, and had two, (three, according to Aguinaldo) secret interviews with him and his conmpanions in the presence of H. W. Bray, an Englishman, who acted as interpreter. On the advice of Pratt and with the full knowledge and approval of Admiral Dewey, Aguinaldo returned to Hongkong in order to - as Pratt's telegraphic dispatch phrased it - "arrange with commodore for general cooperation insurgents Manila if desired."] (Fernandez, 52)

April 3, 1898
Over 5,000 men stage a revolt in Cebu and for over 3 weeks harassed the government forces sent against them. (Fernandez, 50; Robinson, 36)

April 4, 1898
Dewey is advised by the Navy Department to “keep full provisions”. Purchases a vessel laden with 3,000 tons of coal. (Dewey Albert, 205)

April 5, 1898
Aguinaldo receives a letter of demand from Isabelo Artacho, a former official of the Biacnabato government, claiming that $200,000 is due him as salary having served the position of Secretary of Interior. (Aguinaldo, 7)

Dewey receives a cable from Secretary Long, “War may be declared. Situation very critical.” (Dewey, 188)

April 7, 1898
Aguinaldo with two of his staff, Col. Gregorio del Pilar and Mr. Leyba, leave Hong Kong for Singapore to evade Artacho's threatened suit for the division of the cash deposit. Eventually, the suit was settled out of court by paying Artacho $5,000.

April 11, 1898
U.S. President McKinley in one of his public utterances says that forcibel annexation should not be thought of, for according to American standards that would be criminal aggression. (KalawM[2], 25)

April 20, 1898
The Teller resolution is passed by U.S. Congress and war with Spain is practically declared. The resolution declares that conditions in Cuba "have shocked the moral sense of the people of the United States" and "have been a disgrace to Christian civilization"; that Spain should relinquish its sovereignty over that Island, for "the people of Cuba are and of right ought to be free and independent;" that the United States has no intention to exercise control or sovereignty over the Island except for the purposes of pacification; and that once that is accomplished she would "leave the government and control of the Island to its people." (KalawM[1], 99-100)

April 22, 1898
The American Consul General in Singapore, E. Spencer Pratt, seeks Aguinaldo to arrange for a general cooperation with Commodore Dewey. After conferring with Aguinaldo, in the presence of Del Pilar and Mr. Leyba, Aguinaldo's secretary, Consul Pratt sends a cable to Dewey saying "Aguinaldo, insurgent leader here. Will come Hongkong arrange with Commodore for general cooperation insurgents Manila if desired..", to which, Dewey replied: "Tell Aguinaldo come as soon as possible." (Storey, 45)

April 23, 1898
US President McKinley issues a call for volunteers to form a volunteer army to serve a minimum of two years. (Oregon-AGO, xii)

April 24, 1898
American Consul General Pratt and Agunaldo meet in Singapore, in the presence of Mr.Howard W. Bray, an Englishman closely associated with the Hongkong Filipino Junta, the Editor of the Singapore Free Press, and 3 of Aguinaldo's staff, namely: Mr. J. Leyba, Col. G. H. Del Pilar and Dr. Marcelino Santos, a Filipino resident of Singapore. As a result of the meeting Pratt cables Dewey if he wanted to see Aguinaldo, and the Admiral replies to send Aguinaldo to him. (Dewey, 245; Robinson, 71-72)

April 25, 1898
The declaration of war by the United States against Spain is signed by President McKinley after having been passed by both houses of the United States congress.

At 12:45 p.m., Dewey receives this cable from Secretary Long: “War has commenced between the United States and Spain. Proceed at once to the Philippine Islands. Commence operations particularly against the Spanish fleet. You must capture vessel or destroy. Use utmost endeavor.” (Dewey, 195; Olcott, 40)

April 26, 1898
Aguinaldo and his staff, del Pilar and Leyba, at the instance of U.S. Consul Pratt, board the steamer Malacca for Hongkong for the purpose of meeting Commodore Dewey.

April 27, 1898
CommodoreDewey and his fleet leave Mirs Bay (on the Chinese side opposite Hongkong island) for the Philippines; finding no Spanish vessels in Subic, proceed to Manila Bay.
[Dewey's fleet had been in Hongkong harbor, awaiting orders, until the British asked him to move to the Chinese side after the United States declared war with Spain in order not to jeopardize the neutral position of the British.]

A delegation of Filipinos in Hongkong composed of Teodoro Sandico, Jose Maria Basa, Tomas Mascardo, Lorenzo L. Zialcita, Andres E. Garchitorena, Miguel Malvar, Mariano Llanera, and Salvatore Estrella pays a courtesy call on American Consul Wildman and he agree, on behalf of Dewey, to allow two of the Filipinos – Jose Alejandrino and Garchitorena - to accompany the fleet to Manila. (Atkinson, 49)

April 28, 1898
American Consul General Pratt telegrams Washington about his meeting with Aguinaldo, and of Dewey desirous of having Aguinaldo sent over to the Philippines.

April 30, 1898
CommodoreDewey and his fleet arrive off point Bolinao at daybreak and pass the Corregidor forts at midnight. (Everett, 52; Sheridan, 29)

American Consul General Pratt writes Sec of State Long saying Aguinaldo hoped the United States would protect the Philippines long enough to allow Filipinos establish their own government.

April ??, 1898
Filipino exiles in Hongkong sends a manifesto to the Islands proclaiming that the Americans have come as liberators and urging the people not to heed the call of the Spanish authorities to oppose the Americans. The proclamation says in part: "...The Americans will attack by sea and prevent any reinforcements coming from Spain; therefore we insurgents must attack by land. Probably you will have more than sufficient arms, because the Americans have arms and will find means to assist us. There, where you see the American flag flying, assemble in numbers; they are our redeemers." (Storey, 45)

May 1, 1898
Dewey destroys the Spanish fleet in Manila bay. The first gun was fired at 5:10 a.m. and the fight is practically ended at 7:00 a.m. (Sheridan, 32)

May 2, 1898
Dewey takes possession of the Cavite Arsenal and anchored his fleet within a short distance of its walls. (Sheridan, 34)

On Dewey's orders, the Zafiro cut the submarine cables, after the Spanish authorities had refused to allow him to use it to communicate with his government.
[With the cables cut, the McCullough ran errands between Manila and Hongkong where the communications can be sent to the United States.](Everett, 56)

Aguinaldo arrives in Hongkong from Singapore and immediately calls on American Consul Rounsevelle Wildman. (Atkinson, 49)

May ??, 1898
American Consul in Hongkong, Wildman, writes a letter to Aguinaldo saying: "Do not forget that the United States undertook this war for the sole purpose of relieving the Cubans from the cruelties under which they were suffering and not for the love of conquest or the hope of gain. They are actuated by exactly the same feeling for the Filipinos." (Storey, 46)

May 4, 1898
Commodore Dewey cables Secretary Long that his squadron controls the bay and could take the city at anytime. The only reason for awaiting the arrival of troops before demanding its surrender is the lack of sufficient force to occupy it. (Dewey, 224)

Filipinos in Hong Kong, with misgivings, agree to send Aguinaldo back to the Philippines and cooperate with the Americans even in absence of a written agreement. They conclude that Aguinaldo should at once place himself at the head of the revolution, discipline an army and be prepared to make the most out of the difficult situation.(Fernandez, 52-53)

The Singapore Free Press publishes a complete account of the meeting on April 24th between Aguinaldo and U.S. Singapore Consul Pratt which asserts that Aguinaldo had, in view of what took place in Singapore and the telegrams received from Commodore Dewey [then in Hongkong], full justification for believing that the United States would raise no objection to the complete autonomy of the Philippines, and would, after the Spaniards were expelled from the islands, establish a protectorate over the whole group. Copies of the paper were forwarded by the Consul to Washington with a comment that the story was in the main correct. (Robinson, 43-44; Blount, 8)
[“In the first impression of the edition (1899 edition of John Foreman's book, The Philippines) , there appeared certain statements in regard to the relations of Edward Spencer Pratt, the United States Consul-General in Singapore, with General Emilio Aguinaldo which were objected to by that consular official. Pratt brought court action against the publishers of the book, won the case and its Shanghai publisher fined and ordered to withdraw from sale all copies of the book. As a result of the case, the author deleted the materials objected to - pages 567 and 568 in the first impression - necessitating the issuance of a second impression without the offending statements. It seems that the offending passage attributed to Pratt statements that he had inveigled Aguinaldo into returning to Manila to collaborate with Commodore Dewey on the consul's assurance that the United States would allow the Filipinos to gain their independence. T. H. Pardo de Tavera, creole scholar in his Biblioteca Filipina, believed that it was Consul Rounseville Wildman of Hongkong who deceived Aguinaldo and who claimed that Foreman's documents "were false and a calumny on the American government." Significantly, the names of Pratt and Wildman do not appear in the 1906 edition. Pardo also believed that Foreman later took the vows of a priest in the Augustinian convent in Mexico.” (Foreman, xi-xii) Portions of the modified pages 567-568 of Foreman's book read as follows: "Emilio Aguinaldo and suite went to Singapore, where they found Mr. Howard W. Bray, an Englishman and old personal friend of mine, who had resided some years in the Islands. Aguinaldo and his party were obliged to travel incognito, because secret paid agents were on his track to endeavour to fetter his movements, and in Singapore a Malay police sergeant was illegally employed to investigate the private acts of a Filipino. The editor of the Singapore Free Press and Mr. Bray had become acquainted. The editor introduced Mr. Bray to the American Consul-General, Mr. Spencer Pratt, and Mr. Bray presented Emilio Aguinaldo to the Consul-General. The midnight meeting of the above-named four persons took place at " The Mansion," River Valley Road, Singapore, on the 24th of April, the day following the outbreak of AmericanSpanish hostilities. The original idea in making Aguinaldo and the Consul-General known to each other was to utilize Aguinaldo's services and prestige with the armed natives to control them and prevent reprisals when the American forces should appear before Manila. It was hoped that, in this way, the lives of many Spaniards in the Islands would be spared. The result of this Singapore meeting was that a draft Agreement between Consul-General Pratt and Emilio Aguinaldo was drawn up, subject to the approval of Commodore Dewey and subsequent confirmation from Washington. The essence of this provisional understanding was as follows, viz.:- (1.) Philippine Independence to be proclaimed. (2.) A Federal Republic to be established by vote of the rebels; pending the taking of this vote Aguinaldo was to appoint the members of that Government. (3.) The Federal Republic to recognize a temporary intervention of American and European Administrative Commissions to be appointed by Commodore Dewey. (4.) The American Protectorate to be recognized on the same terms as those fixed for Cuba. (5.) Philippine ports to be open to all the world. (6.) Precautionary measures to be adopted against the influx of Chinese. (7.) The existing judicial system to be reformed. (8.) Liberty of the press and right of assembly to be proclaimed. (9.) Ample tolerance of all religions and sects, but abolition and expulsion of all monastic orders. (10.) Measures to be adopted for working up the natural resources of the Archipelago. (11.) The wealth of the country to be developed by the construction of high roads and railways. (12.) The obstacles operating against the development of enterprises and employment of foreign capital to be removed. (13.) The new Government to preserve public order and check all reprisals against the Spaniards. (14.) Spanish officials to be transported to another safe and healthy island until there shall be an opportunity for their return to Spain. (15.) This Agreement is subject to ratification (by telegraph) by Commodore Dewey and President MacKinley. Consul-General Pratt thereupon sent Emilio Aguinaldo with his staff to Hongkong with instructions to Consul Wildman to put him in communication with Commodore Dewey, which he did, and Commodore Dewey, before he left China for Manila, gave orders to Consul Wildman to see that Aguinaldo and his staff followed on in an American warship." (Foreman-1899, 567-568)]

In an effort to win the Filipinos to fight on the side of Spain in the war with the United States, Spanish Governor-General Basilio Agustin issues a decree creating a consultative assembly, in which several leading Filipinos, among them Artemio Ricarte and Baldomero Aguinaldo, who were formerly identified with Aguinaldo are given seats. (Malcolm, 93)

May 6, 1898
American Consul in Hongkong, Wildman, reports to Washington that certain wealthy and influential Filipino bankers, landowners and advocates, living in Hongkong, namely: Don Doroteo Cortes, Don Maximo Cortes, and Dona Eustaquia, wife of Don Maximo; Arcadio Rosario, Gracio Gonzaga, and Don Jose Maria Basa, desire to tender their allegiance and the allegiance of their powerful families in Manila to the United States. They have instructed all their connections to render every aid to United States forces in Manila. (Treaty, 334)

May 8, 1898
Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda of Manila, in a circular urges Filipinos to defend the Roman Catholic Church against the invasion of protestant Americans. Governor-General Agustin also tries to win over the former leaders of the rebellion to fight on the Spanish side.

May 12, 1898
Major-General Wesley Merritt is placed in command of the proposed expedition to the Philippines. (Olcott, 165)

May 14, 1898
American Consul in Hongkong, Wildman, sends to Washington statements of other wealthy Filipino residents in Hongkong, namely: Severino Rotea and Lopez, Claudio Lopez, A.H. Marti and Eugenia Plona, all Visayans, who wish to tender their allegiance to the United States. (Treay, 334-335)

May 16, 1898
American Consul Wildman of Hongkong obtains permission from Commodore Dewey to allow Aguinaldo to go by the United States ship McCulloch, and put him on board at night to prevent any complication with the local government. (Atkinson, 49)

May 17, 1898
Upon instructions of Archbishop Nozaleda, Father Gregorio Aglipay proceeds to the camp of the Filipino rebels in Cavite to ask them to fight on the side of the Spaniards against the Americans. He was unsuccessful.

May 19, 1898
President McKinley issues an order to the Secretary of War, clearly indicating his intention of holding the Philippine islands pending a final settlement with Spain. The order contains detailed instructions on the occupation of the Philippine Islands to be administered by the designated commander of the expedition, General Merritt, which shall be characterized by firmness of purpose, practical judgment in outlining the preliminary measures of administration, and above all by a spirit of fairness and justice to the people of the islands and respect for their rights of person and property. (Olcott, 166-172)
[Similar in spirit to this letter were the instructions to General Elwell S. Otis, dated December 21, I898]

Aguinaldo and 13 staff arrive at Cavite on board the American dispatch boat McCulloch and is received enthusiastically by the Filipinos.

Upon arrival at Cavite, Dewey invites Aguinaldo on board the flagship Olympia for a conference. Dewey assures Aguinaldo that the United States had come to the Philippines to free the inhabitants from the Spanish yoke, that the United States was rich in territory and money and had no need of colonies, and that he had no doubt the United States would recognize Filipino independence. Admiral asks Aguinaldo if he can raise the country against Spain and carry on a rapid campaign. Aguinaldo says he could do nothing until the arrival of the arms ordered of Wildman, whereupon the Admiral offers to expedite the shipment and also offers him all the cannon captured on the Spanish ships, as well as the arms and ammunition captured by the gunboat Petrel at Corregidor Island. Dewey also tells Aguinaldo that Filipinos and Americans should treat each other as friends and allies and that, the United States would recognize Filipino independence. He also tells Aguinaldo to devise a national flag and that he would recognize and protect it. (Blunt, 153-154)

May ??, 1898
As soon as they set foot in Cavite upon their arrival from Hongkong, Isabelo Artacho, Primitivo Artacho, Agustin de la Rosa and Celestino Aragon are arrested in conjunction with the controversy on the money deposited in Hongkong and deported to the interior pueblo of the province. (KalawT[2], 469)

May 20, 1898
Admiral Dewey sends the following cable to Washington: "Aguinaldo, the rebel commander, was brought down by the McCulloch. Organizing forces near Cavite, and may render assistance which will be valuable." (Storey, 48-49)

Luciano San Miguel comes to see Aguinaldo and obtains direct orders to renew the revolution in Central Luzon.

May 22, 1898
Aguinaldo makes a prisoner of Felipe Buencamino after the latter, who is in command as a colonel of the Tercio de Anda y Salazar in the Zapote line, tried to induce Aguinaldo to go over to the side of the Spaniards. Buencamino is eventually released at the instance of Don Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista.

May 23, 1898
A battalion of Macabebes who were recruited and armed by Spanish authorities to defend the islands against the American invasion desert to Aguinaldo, followed by the remaining volunteers, with their arms and equipment. (Magoon, 44-45)

May 24, 1898
Aguinaldo issues his first proclamation which says in part “... the great nation of North America ... has come to manifest a protection which is disinterested in us ..., considering us with sufficient civilization to govern by ourselves in this our unhappy land.” (PIS-V1N03, 93)

Upon advice of lawyer Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Aguinaldo issues a proclamation announcing the creation of a dictatorial government, citing collaboration with the Americans, urges Filipinos to renew the rebellion against Spain. (Fernandez, 64)

American Consul in Manila, Williams, reports to Washington and says: “At a conference with General Aguinaldo, the head of the movement, I was told that they had now above 4,500 Mauser rifles taken from the Spaniards, and had also abundant ammunition. Until the present they have been fatally crippled in these respects. Last week Major Gonzales captured two buffalo cart loads of rifle ammunition from the Spaniards. To-day I executed a power of attorney whereby General Aguinaldo releases to his attorneys in fact 400,000, now in bank in Hongkong, so that money therefrom can pay for 3,000 stand of arms bought there and expected here to-morrow. The same sources informed me that about 37,000 insurgents stand ready to aid United States forces, and General Aguinaldo's headquarters were this a. m. at 7 o'clock surrounded by 500 to 1,000 men eager to enlist. I was there at that hour and saw the men."

May 25, 1898
The first detachment of the expedition to the Philippines under the command of Brigadier-General Thomas M. Anderson from San Francisco sails. (Olcott, 166)

May ??, 1898
A large, though crude, sort of arsenal and cartridge-factory employing 400 people is established by the Filipino rebels in Imus, Cavite and Bulacan.

May ??, 1898
Some five or six small steam vessels are procured from Singapore by Aguinaldo and fitted with guns recovered from the sunken Spanish vessels, to be used in inter-island transport of soldiers and supplies. These vessels, including two steamers donated by rich Filipino supporters and another steamer owned by a Spaniard and commandeered by a Filipino crew constituted Aguinaldo's flotilla, or the first Filipino navy.

May ??, 1898
Aguinaldo summons Apolinario Mabini to act as his advisor, replacing Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista.

May 26, 1898
Secretary Long of the U.S. State Department cautions Admiral Dewey not to enter into an uncomfortable arrangement with Aguinaldo.

May 26, 1898
Admiral Dewey is very much pleased with Aguinaldo and turns over to him two modern field pieces, 300 rifles and plenty of ammunitions taken from the Cavite arsenal.
[On being asked during the U.S. Senate hearing if the Americans armed the Filipinos, Buencamino had this reply: “About 190, not formally delivered to them, but the Spaniards in leaving the city of Cavite, the city was entered by the Filipinos, and Admiral Dewey sent word that he was not going to fight the Filipinos. Then they found the arms there abandoned by the Spaniards and took them. After that they received nothing.” (Buencamino, 39)]

Aguinaldo with 600 men, attacks Cavite Viejo.

May 27, 1898
The arms purchased through American Consul Wildman in Hong Kong consisting of 3,000 Mauser rifles and 200,000 cartridges arrive to arm thousands of Filipinos who pour in to enlist in the reactivated Philippine Revolutionary Army.

May 28, 1898
The second phase of the revolution commences when 270 Spanish marines sent out to capture the arms and ammunition shipped from Hong Kong are engaged and driven back by the Revolutionary Army. Governor General Agustin intimated to the consultative assembly that he is ready to grant the reforms asked, that obviously have come too late. A small steamer Faon, an assumed name, arrives from Canton and unloads 3,000 stand of Remington breech loading rifles and a large stock of cartridges for these rifles. (Stickney, 75)

May 31, 1898
Aguinaldo's army drives Spanish troops into Manila, the battle lasting seventy hours, with 1,000 Spanish losses. The Filipinos have the opportunity to burst into the city and capture it, but Aguinaldo was prevailed upon by Dewey to postpone the attack until the arrival of the American troops. (Younghusband, 22)

Paterno publishes a manifesto outlining his proposal for an autonomous government under Spain, urging the people to help "our old friend Spain and realize with her more quickly our aspirations."
[When a Tagalog translation of this manifesto found its way to Aguinaldo's office, he wrote on the margin: "You are pretty late." Some of the members of the assembly, like Rianzares Bautista, had already gone to Aguinaldo. Felipe Buencamino was sent by the Spanish authorities to negotiate with Aguinaldo, but instead of bringing back Aguinaldo's reply, he decided to remain with him. Upon the arrival of the Filipino chief from Hongkong any hope that Spain may have had of gaining the good wishes and cooperation of the Filipinos vanished.] (KalawM[1], 110)

June 3, 1898
Filipino troops take control of Caloocan, Tondo, Santa Cruz, San Juan del Monte, Santolan, in the words of Admiral Dewey, "practically surrounded Manila.”

June 6, 1898
Aguinaldo sends a representative to Governor-General Agustin asking him to capitulate. No response is received.

Dewey sends a dispatch to Washington saying: "Insurgents have been engaged actively in the province of Cavite during the last week; they had several small victories, taking prisoners about 1,800 men, 50 officers; Spanish troops, not native." (Storey, 49)

June 7, 1898
Aguinaldo sends a letter to Governor General Agustin asking him to surrender, but no response is received.

June 8, 1898
About 30 Filipino residents of Singapore led by Dr. Marcelino Santos, a dentist practicing in the city, serenaded American Consul General Pratt and presented to him a statement of appreciation for the support Admiral Dewey is giving to Aguinaldo and express the hope that Philippine independence is secured under protection of the United States. Consul Pratt’s reply which was published in the Singapore Free Press and The Strait Times did not clarify the position of the United States as to the matter of independence, viz: “You have just reason to be proud of what has been and is being accomplished by General Aguinaldo and your fellow countrymen under his command. … I can only hope that the eventual outcome will be all that can desired for the happiness ad welfare of the Filipinos.” (Fernandez, 57)

Aguinaldo forms a dictatorial government and installs himself dictator.

June 9, 1898
Consul Pratt reported to the U.S. State Department what had transpired the night before, forwarding the newspaper clippings that described the affair. (Fernandez, 57)

June 10, 1898
Aguinaldo writes to "The President of the Great American Nation", and delivers it with the help of his British friend, Mr. Howard W. Bray, expressing great sorrow on learning that the United States, as published in the Times, will retain the islands at the conclusion of the war, and if Spain fails to pay for indemnity, will sell the islands to a European power.

June 12, 1898
Aguinaldo proclaims the independence of the Philippines, the proclamation is signed by, among others, Admiral Dewey's secretary, Col L. M. Johnson.

Dewey sends another cable to Washington: "Insurgents continue hostilities and have practically surrounded Manila. They have taken 2,500 prisoners, whom they treat most humanely. They do not intend to attack city proper until the arrival of U.S. troops thither; I have advised."

June 13, 1898
The United States congress supplemented the original $50 million national defense fund which was totally expended with an authorization to issue a 3%, popular loan of $400 million, of which $200 million was offered and promptly taken. (Everett, 25)

June 14, 1898
Secretary Long of the U.S. Department of State requires Admiral Dewey to report all activities and arrangements with Aguinaldo.

June 15, 1898
General Miguel Malvar liberates the province of Tayabas (Quezon) from the Spaniards after two months of battle.

The second detachment of the expedition to the Philippines under the command of General Francis V. Greene sails. (Olcott, 166)

June 16, 1898
American Consul in Manila, Williams, reports to Washington saying that Aguinaldo's forces "had captured nearly 5,000 prisoners, nearly 4,000 of whom were Spaniards, and all of whom had rifles when taken. General Aguinaldo has now about 10,500 rifles and 8 fieldpieces, with 8,000 more rifles, 2 Maxim guns and a dynamite gun bought in China and now in transit. The insurgents have defeated the Spaniards at all points except at fort near Matate, and hold not only North Luzon to the suburbs of Manila, but Batangas Province also and the bay coast entire, save the city of Manila." (Robinson, 47)

Mr. William Day of the State Department advises American Consul in Singapore, Mr. Pratt, to "avoid unauthorized negotiations with Philippine insurgents." and in separate cable tells Mr. Pratt that "If, in the course of your conferences with General Aguinaldo, you acted upon the assumption that this Government would cooperate with him for the furtherance of any plan of his own, or that, in accepting his cooperation, it would consider itself pledged to recognize any political claims which he may put forward, your action was unauthorized and can not be approved." (Foreman, 437)

June ??, 1898
The Spanish-sponsored consultative assembly draws up a plan for an autonomous government of the Philippines which was presented to Aguinaldo, but the latter rejected it.

June ??, 1898
A circular of the consultative assembly to recruit volunteers into a Filipino Militia to fight the United States, showing prominent names of the former leaders of the revolution - Pablo Padilla, Emiliano Riego de Dios, Baldomero Aguinaldo, Mariano Trias, Artemio Ricarte, Pio del Pilar, Mariano Luna, all prominent members of the Katipunan - attracted many to serve and were issued arms and equipment, only to be found by the Spaniards later that these volunteers would become soldiers of the reactivated Philippine Revolutionary Army.

June 18, 1898
Aguinaldo issues a decree establishing a dictatorial government and outlining the formation of local governments and the election of national representatives to Congress. (Fernandez, 66-67; Guevara, 7)

June 20, 1898
Aguinaldo issues a decree imposing a compulsory contribution to war tax for all persons 18 years and above.

At the suggestion of Mabini, the dictatorial government is changed to a Revolutionary Government with Aguinaldo as President, retaining both civil and military powers.

June 23, 1898
Dewey reports to Secretary Long of the U.S. State Department stating that Aguinaldo's work is "wonderful, " and in his opinion, "these people are far superior in their intelligence and more capable of self-government than the natives of Cuba, and I am familiar with both races." Dewey further reiterated his statement saying: "further intercourse with them has confirmed me in that opinion." (Storey, 50)

Aguinaldo issues a decree announcing the process of transition from a revolutionary government to a republic, the concluding part of which says: "Thus they have constituted a revolutionary government with wise and just laws suited to the abnormal conditions confronting them, and which at the proper time will prepare them for a true republic. Thus taking for its only justification the right, for its sole aid, justice, and for its only means honorable labor, the government calls, and invites them to unite solidly, with the object of forming a noble society ennobled, not by blood or pompous titles, but by labor and personal merit of the individual, - a free society where there is no room for egotism and personal politics which whither and blight, nor for envy or favoritism which debase, nor for charlatanry or buffonery which cause ridicule. No other course is possible. A people that has given proof of fortitude and valor in suffering and in danger, of industry and learning in time of peace, is not made for slavery. These people are called to be great, to be one of the strong arms of Providence in directing the destinies of humanity. These people have sufficient energy and resources to recover from the ruin and humiliation in which it had been placed by the Spanish government and to claim a modest but worthy place in the concert of free nations." (Storey, 53; Guevara, 28)

June 24, 1898
John T. McCutcheon sends a dispatch to his paper, the Chicago Record as follows: "All during the week following there was constant evidence of strife that was being waged between Cavite and Malate... Imus, Bacoor, Las Pinas and Paranaque were captured in less than a week notwithstanding the fact that the Spaniards had splendid guns and ammunitions in unlimited quantities, supported by five mountain batteries and rapid fire guns... Over in Cavite the calm passionless statements of great victories that Aguinaldo gave us were being substantiated every day for hundreds and hundreds of Spanish soldiers were being marched and placed in prison!... Closely following the remarkable insurgent success in Cavite Province, where the whole district had been captured in eight days, came stories of other successful operations in Pampanga Province; Macabebe and San Fernando were captured and the great Spanish General Molet fled in terror to Manila. Over one thousand Spanish soldiers had been taken prisoners and their arms given out to natives as quickly as possible... Our respect for the insurgent prowess had grown a great deal, for by June 30 they had taken almost every province in Luzon, with the exception of isolated garrisons and were hammering away at the doors of Manila." (Storey, 57-58)

June 25, 1898
The American Consul in Hongkong, Rounseville Williams, write to Aguinaldo and says: "Do not forget that the United States undertook this war for the sole purpose of relieving the Cubans from the cruelties under which they were suffering and not for love of conquest and the love for gain. They are actuated by precisely the same feelings for the Filipinos." (KalawM[1], 102)

June 27, 1898
The Philippine government rules of executive business are announced. (Storey, 53)

June 30, 1898
The First U.S. Expeditionary Forces consisting of 2,500 volunteers from California and Oregon under the command of General Thomas Anderson arrive in Manila. With Aguinaldo's consent, the troops are assigned to the arsenal of Cavite and the fort of San Felipe.

Admiral Dewey pays a visit to Aguinaldo in Cavite to ask permission to land American troops that had just arrived to be quartered in Cavite. (KalawT[2], 467)

Vicente Lukban informs Felipe Calderon that nothing in writing and official had been stipulated with Admiral Dewey concerning the conditions under which the war was carried on in the Philippines. Calderon is also told that a cargo of arms embarked in a Chinese port, on the S. S. Pasig bound for the Philippines had been stopped by the British authorities at the request of the North-American consul of Hongkong; that the Americans were not ready to make any concessions to the Filipinos, and that, after using Aguinaldo as a tool and causing him to start the insurrection again, they would abandon him or become his enemies. In view of these statements, Calderon suggests to Lukban the urgent necessity of submitting all he had told to Aguinaldo, and that it was necessary to convince him that he must at all costs obtain formal and solemn promises from Admiral Dewey, as representative of the Congress and President of the United States. Lukban replies that such an undertaking is difficult, inasmuch as Aguinaldo is much compromised; and that if any person could do it, that person is Felipe Agoncillo, upon whose advice Aguinaldo had come to the Philippines without stipulating anything with Admiral Dewey. (KalawT[2], 468)

July 2, 1898
Calapan, Mindoro is occupied by Filipino troops consisting of a small expeditionary force from Batangas.

American Consul in Singapore, Mr. Spencer Pratt, cables Washington stating that the Sultan of Sulu, who stopped over Singapore on his return home from Mecca, is negotiating for the transfer of the protectorate of his territory in the Philippines from Spain to the British North Borneo.

July 3, 1898
The Filipino republic is proclaimed.

July 4, 1898
General Anderson writes to Aguinaldo saying he has entire sympathy and most friendly sentiments to the Filipino people, to have the most amicable relations with Aguinaldo and to cooperate in military operations against the Spanish forces. (Storey, 50-51; Leonidas, 95)

July 6, 1898
Dewey dispatches the Raleigh and Concord to check on the complain of Aguinaldo that the German cruiser Irene is harassing their ship and interfering with their operations at Subic bay and Isla Grande. The German cruiser steams out of Subic as soon as the American ships arrived. The two cruisers fire a few shots at Isla Grande and six Spanish officers and five hundred men surrender, which were turned over to the Filipinos. (Dewey, 265)

July 15, 1898
Aguinaldo appoints a provisional cabinet: Baldomero Aguinaldo, War and Public Works; Leandro Ibarra, Interior; Marinao Trias, Treasury. (Storey, 53)

July 17, 1898
The second contingent of thirty-six hundred American troops came in under the command o. Brigadier General Francis V. Greene. (Dewey, 268)

July 18, 1898
American Consul in Hongkong, Wildman, cables to Washington expressing concern about reports that the United States will return the Philippine islands to Spain at the conclusion of the hostilities. He says that the Filipinos are very capable, want independence and rely upon the well known sense of justice of the United States as to their future. He wants to put on record that "the insurgent government of the Philippine Islands can not be dealt with as though they were North American Indians, willing to be removed from one reservation to another at the whim of their masters. If the United States decides not to retain the Philippine Islands, its 10,000,000 people will demand independence, and the attempt of any foreign nation to obtain territory or coaling stations will be resisted with the same spirit with which they fought the Spaniards"
(Atkinson, 48-49)

July 20, 1898
Mr. Day of the U.S. State Department replies to the June 9th letter of U.S. Consul Pratt of Singapore castigating the latter for not correcting the statements of the Filipinos regarding the support of Admiral Dewey to Aguinaldo and the hope for independence of the Filipinos under American protectorate. Mr. Day also informed Consul Pratt that the newspaper clippings were not passed on to the press, “lest it might seem thereby to lend a sanction to views the expression of which it (the State Department) had not authorized.” (Fernandez, 57)

Marinduque is authorized by Aguinaldo to constitute itself as an independent province.

July 22, 1898
Spanish authorities surrenders Dagupan to Filipino forces.

July 23, 1898
General Anderson writes to Aguinaldo asking for 500 horses and 50 oxens and carts, and if these are not provided he will deal directly with the people. (Leonidas, 97)

July 25, 1898
The Second and Third U.S. Expeditionary Force consisting of 10,000 men under General Merritt arrive.
[By end of July 20,000 U.S. troops were encamped in Cavite and suburbs of Manila.]

July 26, 1898
The French Ambassador, M. Cambon, presents a communication signed by the Duke of Almodovar, Spanish minister of State, inviting the United States government to state the terms it would be willing to make peace. (Everett, 33)

July 29, 1898
Filipino troops surrounding Manila withdraw to give way to newly-arrived American troops upon request of the American military.

July 30, 1898
The United States communicates its demands to the Duke of Almodovar, which is as in the peace protocol afterward signed. (Everett, 33)

July 31, 1898
American troops as a "show of force", attack old fort San Antonio held by the Spaniards, but are repulsed and forced to retreat to Paranaque under heavy fire, leaving their guns and ammunition Filipino troops recapture armaments and return them to the Americans.

American Brigadier-General Arthur MacArthur with four thousand troops arrive. (Dewey, 272)

August ??, 1898
Aguinaldo's forces surround the city of Manila with fourteen miles of trenches, the water and food supplies are cut off, internal trade is paralyzed and the inhabitants of the city are reduced to a diet of horseflesh. So closely were the Filipino forces besieging Manila that when American General Anderson and his forces arrived, he was compelled to request from Aguinaldo permission to occupy part of the fighting line and entrenchments of the Filipinos. (Storey, 58)

August 1, 1898
The "Act of Independence" is signed by about 200 Filipinos who are serving as local presidents of various townships.

August 2, 1898
A commissioner (Edward Harden) is appointed by the U.S. Secretary of State to investigate and report on financial and industrial conditions of the Philippine Islands. (Storey, 41)

August 4, 1898
Spanish Governor General Agustin is relieved from duty and the government is turned over to Fermin Jaudenes.

American Consul in Manila, Williams, writes to Washington, bragging about his services and hoping to be appointed commissioner of customs or agriculture, or light-house inspector for the Philippine islands. Previously, he has reported that Aguinaldo and the Filipino leaders wanted the Philippine islands to become a colony of the United States, which was complete lie, considering that at that time, a provisional Filipino government was already established by Aguinaldo. It is possible his reports to Washington were partly biased on account of his desire to land a high position in an American administered territory of the Philippine islands.

August 6, 1898
Aguinaldo sends a document called Memorandum to Foreign Governments, with a copy of the Act of Independence, to various consulates in Manila to inform them of the declaration of independence of the Philippines and asking for recognition. The memorandum also states that the new Philippine government is in control of 15 provinces where complete order and tranquility reign, administered by officials elected by the people, and that the Filipino army was then holding 9,000 Spanish prisoners of war. (Magoon, 120)

August 7, 1898
Major General Merritt formally notifies Governor General Jaudines that the military operations of the land and naval forces of the United States will begin after the expiration of forty eight hours and advises the removal of all non-combatants from the city. Jaudines replies that the city is surrounded by the insurgent forces and he has no place of refuge for the non-combatants. (Everett, 172)

An expedition led by a young Filipino officer, Manuel Tinio, marched from La union and occupied Bangar, Tagudin, Vigan, Laoag and Bangui.

August 9, 1898
A joint formal demand for surrender is sent by Admiral Dewey and General Merritt to Spanish Governor General Jaudines who replies that the demand cannot be granted although he asks for time strictly for communication through Hongkong to consult his government, which was declined by the Americans. (Everett, 180)

August 10, 1898
Aguinaldo issues a decree specifying the functions and powers of the Hongkong Junta which he authorizes to represent his government abroad, dispose of certain sums in its possession for the purchase of arms, and act as center of intrigue in Europe and the Unites States. (Magoon, 120)

August 12, 1898
A protocol of peace is signed between the United States and Spain, by U.S. Secretary of State William R. Day and French Ambassador at Washington, M. Jules Cambon, on behalf of Spain which essentially provides as follows: Spain shall relinquish all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba (Article 1); Spain will cede to the United States the island of Porto Rico and other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and also an island in the Ladrones to be selected by the United States (Article 2); the United States will occupy and hold the city, bay and harbor of Manila pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace which shall determine the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines (Article 3). (Everett, 34)
[The Spanish Minister, in a lengthy reply, (regarding the draft of the peace protocol) dated August 7, while accepting the first two propositions, left the question of the Philippines in such a state of ambiguity as to make a subsequent misunderstanding more than likely:"The terms relating to the Philippines seem, to our understanding, to be quite indefinite. On the one hand, the ground on which the United States believe themselves entitled to occupy the bay, the harbor, and the city of' Manila, pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace, cannot be that of conquest, since in spite of the blockade maintained on sea by the American fleet, in spite of the siege established on land by a native, supported and provided for by the American admiral, Manila still holds its own, and the Spanish standard still waves over the city. On the other hand, the whole archipelago of the Philippines is in the power and under the sovereignty of Spain. Therefore, the Government of Spain thinks that the temporary occupation of Manila should constitute a guaranty. It is stated that the treaty of peace shall determine the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines; but as the intentions of the Federal Government by regression remain veiled, therefore the Spanish Government must declare that, while accepting the third condition, they do not a priori renounce the sovereignty of Spain over the archipelago, leaving it to the negotiators to agree as to such reforms which the condition of these possessions and the level of culture of their natives may render desirable." (Olcott, 69-70) ]

Dewey receives two cables from Acting Sec. Allen in Washington, the first says that a peace protocol is signed and instructs him to suspend all hostilities and the blockade, and the second explains the contents of the peace protocol, that the United States will occupy and hold the city, bay and harbor of Manila pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace which shall determine the control, disposition and government of the Philippines. (Dewey, 281)

General Anderson receives an order from General Merritt to notify Aguinaldo not to let insurgent troops enter the city of Manila.

August 13, 1898
The surrender of the city of Manila by Spain to the United States was arranged through the Belgian consul, M. Andre. There was no real fighting, no resistance except the display of a white flag after firing of a few shots to save the delicate honor of the Castilians. Orders were issued not to allow Filipino troops into the city which was relayed by General Anderson to Aguinaldo. But inspite of efforts by the Americans to block entry points to the city, Filipino troops successfully join the assault by way of Sta. Ana, and took possession of Paco and Malate. Alarmed at the presence of Filipino troops, American troops encircle the Filipinos to prevent any further advance or action, prompting General Anderson to issue this stern warning to Aguinaldo: "Unless your troops are withdrawn beyond the city's defences by Thursday, the fifteenth instant, I shall be compelled to resort to forcible action." Conflict is averted on account of the good relations among U.S. General Anderson, Filipino Generals Ricarte and Noriel. (Storey, 59).

General Merritt receives cable that a Peace Protocol was signed in Washington D.C. between the United States and Spain which gives the United States right to occupy the city, the bay and the harbor. This cable did not arrive on time and city was taken force of arms rather than as a consequence of the Peace Protocol of August 12.
[Since the capture of Manila came about after the signing of the peace protocol Spanish authorities considered the capitulation illegal, which meant Manila should have been restored back to Spain. This became a contentious issue at the October peace conference in Paris, which probably the reason why the American commissioners had to offer a $20 million “purchase” alternative.]

U.S. President McKinley, through Sec Allen, sends a cable to Dewey requesting information on the desirability of several islands, the character of the population, coal and other mineral deposits, their harbor and commercial advantages. (Storey, 42; KalawM[1], 229, KalawM[2], 26)

August 14, 1898
U.S. General Merritt formally advices Aguinaldo to withdraw troops from the City. He cables Washington to the effect that Aguinaldo demands joint occupation of the City and requests advice on how far he shall go in enforcing the order to exclude of insurgents' troops.

August 15, 1898
Buencamino, Legarda, Araneta and Sandico representing Aguinaldo meet with General Anderson and later with General Merritt to discuss Filipino troops withdrawal. The representatives say Filipino troops will withdraw from the City if they are assured of being given the same position assuming the United States allows Spain to retain the Philippines. General Merritt says he cannot make the pledge but the Filipinos can rely on American honor that what they ask will be granted.

August 17, 1898
General Merritt issues a proclamation establishing a military occupation government in the city of Manila. (Brooks, 5)
[This proclamation implemented President McKinley's May 19, 1898 preliminary instructions of to the Secretary of War.]

Mabini writes to Buencamino saying that the conflict with the United States is coming sooner or later and “we will gain nothing by asking favors of them which in reality are our rights, but shall maintain them as long as we are able to, confiding in justice and Providence.” (Spooner, 25)

Calderon accompanies a party composed of Antonio Luna, Leon Maria Guerrero, Jose Torres Bugallon, Pedro Paterno and many others, to Cavite to pay their respect to Aguinaldo. [Luna was appointed by Aguinaldo as Director of War on 26th of September.]

August 18, 1898
General Merritt receives the following reply from Washington: "...that there must be no joint occupation of the city, bay and harbor with insurgents; that they and all others must recognize the military occupation and authority of the United States and the cessation of hostilities proclaimed by the President."

August 21, 1898
General Otis arrives with the U.S. Fourth Expeditionary Forces consisting of 4,000 troops; to replace General Merritt, who was ordered to proceed to Paris to act as one of the commissioners at the Paris peace conference between the United States and Spain.

August 24, 1898
Aguinaldo receives a letter from General Merritt asking for withdrawal of Filipino troops beyond the city limits as shown on a map accompanying the letter.

August 26, 1898
Felipe Agoncillo, the head of the Filipino junta in Hong Kong, is instructed to proceed to Washington to present the case for the Filipinos, with specific instructions to keep in mind that the policy of the Philippine government is one of absolute independence.

August 27, 1898
Aguinaldo replies to General Merritt specifying the proposed territorial limits of Filipino troops locations, but insisting that the request for troops withdrawal should be made in writing and on condition that Admiral Dewey shall continue to allow free navigation of Filipino army steamers at Manila Bay, and furthermore, that the Filipino army shall retire to the city in the event that the United States decide to give the islands back to Spain.

August 27, 1898
General Greene submits a report to the United States Peace Commission in Paris essentially saying anarchy will ensue if the United States leaves the islands to Spain. That Filipinos are unfit to govern and recommends that the United States keep the islands.

The steamer Abby, alias Pasig, flying the American flag, having received American registry at Canton, China, arrives at Batangas. It is commanded by an American, and delivers to the Filipino army about 500 rifles, 500,000 rounds of ammunition, two Maxim guns, and 2000 rounds of Maxim ammunition. Accompanying the expedition is another American whose purpose is to instruct the Filipino in the use of the rapid-firing guns.
[Admiral Dewey, through information received from Consul General Wildman, sent the McCulloch to Batangas in September, and seized the Abby, but not until her cargo was landed.](Wildman, 162-163)

August 29, 1898
Major Franks S. Bournes submits a report to the United States Peace Commission detailing the natural resources and principal products of the major islands and concluded that "Taken as a whole, the Philippine Islands are as rich and productive islands, with as good climate and as good natural advantages, as are to be found anywhere in the tropics."

A report of J.F. Bell, Major of Engineers In Charge, addressed to General Merritt, and annexed to the documents forwarded to the United States Peace Commissioners in Paris, essentially downplays the successes of Aguinaldo, saying his support is dwindling and most of the people around him, except for a few, are either uneducated, incapable and lacks experience. The report also claims that most of the educated natives and majority of the inhabitants of Manila are against the insurrection and welcomes annexation of the islands by the United States. Obviously the report is biased, similar to the report of General Greene, and is probably orchestrated and intended to sway the judgment of the Peace Commissioners in favor of the United States retaining the islands.

General E. S. Otis replaces General W. Merritt.

August 30, 1898
Santa Cruz, Laguna is surrendered to Filipino troops; Ilocos provinces, including Abra, pass to the Philippine government.

August 31, 1898
General Otis, who replaced General Merritt, telegraphs Aguinaldo in Cavite asking for more time to study his August 27th letter and promises to answer within a few days.

August 31, 1898
Col Tirona's expeditionary force takes Tuguegarao.

Aguinaldo moves his headquarters from Bacoor, Cavite to Malolos, Bulacan.

September ??, 1898
The Romblon group: Romblon, Tablas and Sibuyan are taken over by Visayan soldiers aided by a few Tagalog soldiers from Luzon.

September ??, 1898
Two navy men from Admiral Dewey's squadron, Messrs. Sargent and Wilcox, tour northern Luzon for two months.
[Their report which Admiral Dewey himself described as "the most complete and reliable information obtainable in regard to the present state of northern part of Luzon" was forwarded to Mr. Long, the Secretary of the Navy and reported in Senate Document 196, 56th U.S. Congress, 1st Session, bearing the date February 26, 1900, praises the government of Aguinaldo as follows: "As a tribute to the efficiency of Aguinaldo's government and the law abiding character of his subjects I offer the fact that Mr. Wilcox and I pursued our journey through in perfect security and returned to Manila with only the most pleasing recollections of the quiet and orderly life which we find the natives to be leading under the new regime." The travellers also had an opportunity to witness some of the ceremonies inaugurating a civil government in Cagayan Province which they described as follows: "The Presidentes of all the towns in the Province were all present at the ceremony. ... Colonel Tirona made a shor t speech. ... He then handed the staff of the office to the man who had been elected governor of the Province. This officer also made a speech in which he thanked the military forces and assured them that the work they had begun would be perpetuated by the people, where every man, woman and child stood ready to take up arms to defend their newly won liberty and to resist with the last drop of their blood the attempt of any nation whatever to bring them back to their former state of dependence. He then knelt, placed his hand on an open Bible and took the oath of office. There is variety of feeling among Filipinos in regard to the debt of gratitude they owe the United States. In every town we found men who said that our nation had saved them from slavery and others who claimed that without our interference their independence would have been recognized before this time. On one point they were united, however, viz. that whatever our government had done for them, it has not gained the right to annex them." ] (Storey, 61-62)

September 08, 1898
General Otis answers Aguinaldo's August 27th letter explaining why the joint occupation of the city is not possible, that is, Aguinaldo does not represent a belligerent recognized under international law, and that the possession of the United States of the city of Manila is in accordance with treaty between belligerents. Otis also assumed that Admiral Dewey will allow free navigation of Filipino army ships for as long as these ships do not assail the sovereignty of the United States. At the end of the letter, Otis demands evacuation of Filipino troops from the entire city of Manila, including its suburbs and defenses, not later than the 15th of the month under threat of forcible action if Aguinaldo refuses.

September 10, 1898
A trooper of the 13th Minnesota fired and killed a native. Filipinos are surly and agitated.

September 12, 1898
General Vicente Lukban of the Philippine army takes Daet from the Spaniards and subsequently organizes a revolutionary government in the province. He eventually moved to Catbalogan, Samar with 100 riflemen to organize the resistance against the Americans.

Aguinaldo sends a three-man commission to General Otis asking for withdrawal of the September 8th letter, and in its place, for him to write a letter request for Filipino troops to withdraw without the threat of the use of force. Otis says Aguinaldo does not want to lose face to his officers and needs the new letter so he can show that the withdrawal is designed to avoid contact between the two forces and avert any possible conflict. Otis refuses to withdraw the September 8th letter, but agreed to write the request for withdrawal of troops without any mention of a threat of use of force.

September 14, 1898
Colonel Tirona's expeditionary forces take Ilagan and Bayombong. Batanes capitulates to another Filipino expeditionary force under Major Delfin Esquivel.

Filipino troops numbering 4,000 withdraw from the city of Manila, its suburbs and defenses.
[“At 5:30, out of the Calle Real in Ermita appeared an officer on a fiery native pony. He was Colonel Callais (Cailles), one of the ablest officers in the entire insurgent army, ...Close at tle heels of his pony came the magnificent Pasig band, composed entirely of native musicians and numbering ninety pieces. Every man was in uniform and the piece they played was a stirring wild native march that set the horses to prancing and everyone who listened tingling with enthusiasm. Then came the troops, hundreds and hundreds of them, all in blue drilling and every man with his rifle. ...Over in Tondo and in Paco and in Samipaloc and in the other suburbs where the insurgents had massed this scene was being repeated, although not with such a show nor with so many bands. In the twenty four hours of September 14 over four thousand armed insurgent marched out of the city ...” (White, 180-184)]

September 15, 1898
The first congress of the newly independent Philippines is convened with 37 appointed and 13 elected delegates, and electing the following officers: Pedro Paterno, President; Benito Legarda, Vice President; Gregorio Araneta and Pablo Ocampo, Secretaries. (Storey, 53)

September 16, 1898
In his preliminary instructions to the peace commissioners who are to meet with their Spanish counterparts in Paris on October 1st, President McKinleys says: “...The Philippines stand upon a different basis... the United States cannot accept less than the cession in full right and sovereignty of the Island of Luzon. It is desirable, however, that the United States shall acquire the right of entry for vessels and merchandise belonging to citizens of the United States into such ports of the Philippines as are not ceded to the United States, upon terms of equal favor with Spanish ships and merchandise, both in relation to port and customs charges and rates of trade and commerce, together with other rights of protection and trade.” (Olcott, 96; KalawM[2], 30)
[This instruction is a departure from the provision of the August 12 peace protocol which only give the United States the right to hold the bay, harbor and occupy the city of Manila]

September 18, 1898
Acting Secretary Allen cables Admiral Dewey to restrain insurgents hostilities towards Spaniards.

September 21, 1898
Dr. Pardo de Tavera, in his letter to General Otis says "The number of those who advocate a Philippine Republic under the protectorate of the United States is growing greater every day. I am the most ardent defender of that idea and its principal propagandist."
[But after the beginning of hostilities, when it was found out that sooner or later the Filipinos would have to succumb to American rule, the conservatives also began to modify the plan under which they would accept American rule and guidance.] (KalawM[1], 258)

September 22, 1898
The Camarines provinces revolt, set up a republic and notify Aguinaldo of their adhesion to the Philippine republic.

September 23, 1898
By instructions of Dewey, the McCulloch, the same gunboat that brought Aguinaldo from Hongkong, proceeds to the port of Batangas to verify a report that the American steamer Abby which is totally manned by Filipinos, has discharged cargoes of arms and ammunitions. Investigation reveals that the steamer has made one similar voyage before. The steamer was seized and brought to Manila despite the intercession of Filipino officials.

September 26, 1898
Two additional cabinet portfolios are created by Aguinaldo: Justice, which was given to Gregorio Araneta, and Promotion, to Felipe Buencamino.

General Antonio Luna, the only Filipino General who had formal military training in Europe, is appointed Director of War by Aguinaldo.
[In 1896, Luna declined the offer of Aguinaldo to become the Director of War, with the rank of Brigade General. He also previously refused Bonifacio's invitation to join the revolution.]

September 27, 1898
Agoncillo arrives in Washington from Hong Kong and arranges an audience with U.S. President McKinley.

September 28, 1898
The Philippine Congress ratifies the proclamation of the independence of the Philippines.

October ??, 1898
The Manila press continues to sow seeds of hatred against Filipino soldiers, which perhaps explained why the American soldiers loathed the Filipinos too much.

October ??, 1898
Aguinaldo is asked by General Otis to withdraw his troops farther from Manila.

October ??, 1898
Admiral Dewey's men commence a systematic ill treatment of Filipino troops at sea. Dewey seizes Filipino army vessels bearing Filipino flags that regularly ply Manila bay transporting and supplying Filipino troops. In the early days of the loose alliance, Dewey's ships aided Filipino steamers and U.S. Navy men saluted such vessels whenever they pass along American ships.

October 1, 1898
Agoncillo, with the help of U.S. General F. V. Greene who had a brief stint in the Philippines, obtains an audience with U.S. President McKinley, but is accepted as a private citizen and not as a representative of the government of the newly established Filipino republic. Agoncillo presented a memorial which contains the expression of Filipino aspirations towards independence and self-government, which was not officially received by the Secretary of State. Nothing is accomplished in his mission, and Agoncillo decides to proceed to Paris to present the case of the Filipinos before the peace commissioners of Spain and the United States.
[In his testimony to the U.S. Senate, Buencamino says Aguinaldo received a telegram from Agoncillo saying he was not received by President McKinley and that McKinley and the American Congress would deceive the Filipinos, and advised that preparations for war be made. The preparations were to organize the army through General Luna and collect 40,000 troops, three engineering corps and four cavalry troops; organize volunteer corp in Manila to assist the army on the day of the outbreak of hostilities and place the Americans between two fires. Secret preparations were made to smuggle a great number of rifles into Manila. General Otis discovered the secret preparations and ordered all houses searched and found 500 rifles, although 1,600 more rifles were hidden. Buencamino theorized that General Otis pre-empted Luna and gave the orders to attack on February 4, 1899. (Buencamino, 2 and 57)]

The peace commissioners of the United States and Spain come together in Paris to put the terms of the August 12, 1898 protocol into the form of a treaty for ratification. (Brooks, 5)

October 2, 1898
The newspaper, New York Herald, publishes an interview with General Merritt who gave favorable impressions about the Filipinos, but refuses to acknowledge that an alliance with the Americans existed.

October 4, 1898
Benito Legarda presents a plan to sell government bonds to support the new government.

October 17, 1898
Aguinaldo issues a decree levying customs duties: 5% ad valorem on imports, 15% ad valorem on exports and 5% ad valorem on coastwise trade. At this time, the Philippine government controls all ports in the country, except the port of Manila.

October 18, 1898
Philippine Congress enacts a law to sell government bonds - 40-year, 6%, $20 million Mexican dollars, of which $5 million was floated with $388,650 actually sold.

Philippine Congress also enacts a law to issue paper money to the value of $3 million Mexican dollars.

October 19, 1898
The Literaria Universidad de Filipinas is created that will offer courses in law, medicine, pharmacy, including doctorate degrees. (Guevara, 49)

October 22, 1898
Aguinaldo writes General Otis requesting for a formal conference in order to harmonize the interest of the two peoples, so that the suspicion of the Filipinos regarding the true intention of the United States will disappear. (KalawM[1], 167)

October 24, 1898
The Institucion Burgos is created by Aguinaldo's decree to provide secondary education. (Guevara, 57)

October 25, 1898
President McKinley writes to peace commissioner Judge Day and gives a hint on his preference to take the whole archipelago when he said: “The interdependency of the several islands, their close relations with Luzon, the very grave problem of what will become of the part we do not take, are receiving the thoughtful consideration of the people, and it is my judgment that the well-considered opinion of the majority would be that duty requires we should take the archipelago.” (Olcott, 108)

October 26, 1898
In his cable to Peace Commissioner Day, Mr. Hay advises the Peace Commissioners of President McKinley's final decision to demand the cession of the whole Philippine archipelago. (KalawM[2], 34)

October 31, 1898
The United States peace commissioners in Paris submits the formal demand for the cession of the whole Philippine group. (Everett, 198; KalawM[2], 36)

November ??, 1898
Agoncillo, reporting from the United States, states that the question of Philippine independence will not be taken up in the Paris conference. (KalawM[1], 167)

November 2, 1898
Peace commissioner Mr. day writes President McKinley saying that under international law the United States cannot demand from Spain cession of the Philippine Islands by right of conquest because the surrender of the city of Manila was effected after the signing of the peace protocol ending the Spanish-American war. Instead, the United States, being the victor, can claim compensation for the expenses in the prosecution of the war and the cession of the Philippine Islands can be made part of the payment by Spain. Considering, however, the financial condition of Spain, it is not advisable to press for these demands but to look for other ways to effect the cession of the islands. (Olcott, 113-118)

November 3, 1898
In his letter addressed to General Otis, Aguinaldo makes the following statements: “These priests... have been for a long time the absolute masters of the life, honor and property of the Filipinos. For this reason it is a widely known and notorious fact, recognized by all foreigners who have studied Philippine affairs, that the primary causes of the Philippine revolution were the ecclesiastical corporations, which, taking advantage of the corrupt Spanish government, have robbed the country, preventing progress and liberty. “ (Robinson, 323)

November 4, 1898
The Spanish peace commissioners flatly deny the demand for a cession of the whole Philippine group and claim that the capture of Manila occurred after the signing of the peace protocol of August 12, 1898, and is therefore invalid. (Everett, 198)

November 5, 1898
The town of Silay is taken from Spanish control by the Filipino revolutionaries under Aniceto Lacson and Juan Araneta, having been inspired by a letter from Roque Lopez about the success in Iloilo.

November 6, 1898
Bacolod is surrendered by the Spaniards and the revolutionaries establish the gobierno cantonal de la isla de Negros, half-heartedly adhering to the Malolos government.

November 9, 1898
Masbate and Ticao become districts of the Malolos government.

November 12, 1898
The Negros provisional government invites General Miller of the United States army to provide protection.

November 13, 1898
Secretary Hay telegraphed President McKinley's instructions to the peace commissioners which essentially authorize them to offer Spain $10 to $20 million payment for the cession of the Philippine Islands. (Olcott, 119; KalawM[2], 39)

November 15, 1898
The Filipino Junta Patriotica in Hongkong issues a letter addressed to President McKinley complaining of the shabby treatment given to Filipino revolutionaries by American military officers which were expressed in such actions as denial of a shared occupation of the city of Manila, the restriction on Filipino soldiers entering the city while allowing Spanish soldiers to bear arms, and the seizure of Filipino army steamers and launches. (White, 114-118)

November 17, 1898
The Ilonggos under the leadership of General Martin Delgado set up a provisional government in Santa Barbara as an instrumentality of the Malolos government.
[Several armed expeditions were previously sent by Aguinaldo, one from Cavite to Antique in September under Leandro Fullon, and another from Batangas to Capiz under Ananias Diokno, commander-in-chief of the Filipino Expeditionary Forces to Panay, who was instrumental in unifying the rebel forces in the Visayas. (Fernandez, 134)]

November 19, 1898
Peace Commissioner Day telegraphs President McKinley to inform him of the difficulty that the conference is encountering in view of the position of the Spanish commissioners that the sovereignty over the Philippine Islands is non-negotiable; that Spain might bring the issue up to arbitration while the United States might already make a final offer to pay Spain $20 million for the cession of the Philippine Islands. (Olcott, 119-122)

November 21, 1898
The United States peace commissioners presents a final proposition to pay Spain $20 million for the cession of the Philippines, among several other concessions. (Everett, 201)

November 29, 1898
Spain finally submits to what they call the “law of the victor” and accepts United States' demand for cession of the Philippine islands in exchange for a $20 million consideration, knowing that the proposal admitted of no other alternative, and that they must accept it or break off the negotiations, in which case hostilities might be renewed. (Everett, 202; KalawM[2], 41)

After settling the issue of separation of church and state in the proposed constitution of the Philippine republic, Calderon submits draft to President Aguinaldo for approval, in the hope that the republic is proclaimed before the signing of the Treaty of Paris. (Fernandez, 104)
[Calderon was disappointed that Aguinaldo did not immediately take action. At that time Mabini must have cautioned Aguinaldo to make sure that the powers of the executive is not clipped by congress in the proposed constitution. The constitution was eventually proclaimed effective on January 22, 1899.]

November 30, 1898
Aguinaldo issues a decree providing for sale of government bonds in the nature of a 40-year, 6%, $5 million Mexican dollars to support the war effort and the expenditure requirements of government. (Guevara, 73)

November ??, 1898
La Independencia, a newspaper published in Manila by General Antonio Luna, reacting to the $20 million paid by the United States to Spain for the cession of the Philippines to the United States, states that "people are not to be bought and sold like horses and houses. If the aim has been to abolish the traffic in Negroes because it meant the sale of persons, why is there still maintained the sale of countries with inhabitants?"

December ??, 1898
Filipino troops take control of Puerto Princesa, Palawan.

December ??, 1898
In his report to Washington, General Otis says: "Thus, in December, 1898, in the northern and southeastern Luzon, in (the island) of Mindoro, Samar, Leyte, Panay and even in coast of Mindanao and in some of the smaller islands, the aggressive Tagalog, present in person, whether civilian or soldier, supreme in authority." (Storey, 60)

December 7, 1898
Otis cables Washington stating that “conditions were improving and that there were signs of revolutionary disintegration, and that he “had conferred with a number of members of the revolutionary government and that the most of them would favor peaceful submission to the United States authority.” (KalawM[1], 168)

December 10, 1898
The treaty of peace is signed by the commissioners of Spain and United States in Paris. (Everett, 209)
[Agoncillo, the designated representative of the Filipino government, who left Washington D.C. without success in his mission, tried to gain access into the treaty deliberations, but is denied admission on the basis that neither the United States nor Spain recognizes the new Filipino government. All he accomplished was the submission of his protest to the peace commissioners through the help of General F.V. Greene, the same American officer who helped him get an audience with President McKinley in Washington.]

December 12, 1898
Felipe Agoncillo files an official protest, stating that the treaty of peace recently entered into "cannot be accepted as binding by my government inasmuch as the Commission did not hear the Filipino people or admit them into its deliberations, when they have the indisputable right to intervene in all that might affect their future life." (KalawM[1], 232)

December 14, 1898
General Otis cables Washington that a petition has been received from certain businessmen of Iloilo, asking for American protection there, and that the Spanish commander of the Iloilo garrison intends to evacuate the city and withdraw to Zamboanga, offering to turn over the city to the Americans. (PIS-V6NO1, 7)

December 21, 1898
U.S. President McKinley issues his benevolent assimilation proclamation with instructions to General Otis to effect the administration of United States sovereignty over the entire Philippine archipelago. (KalawM[1], 168)
[In effect, President McKinley already claimed sovereignty over the Philippine Islands even before the ratification of the Treaty of Paris by the U.S. Senate. Legally, the August 12, 1898 Peace Protocol was still in force and the United States had no right to claim such sovereignty or wage war on the Filipinos. What the instructions also achieved for the Filipinos was an authoritative indication that the direction of the policy of Washington was not to recognize the independence of the Philippines. This action of President McKinley was taken as a declaration of war on the Filipinos without authority from the U.S. Senate. On this point an observer said: "This proclamation drove the Filipinos into war against the United States. There was nothing left for them to do unless they consented to national enslavement. It was not only natural but right that they should go to war against us. Our Chief Man had notified them by arbitrary decree that if they did not submit to the usurped authority of the United States-'the absolute domain of military authority,' he called it-they would be forced into submission by shell and grapeshot. 'Honest submission,' or death: they had their choice. 'Honest submission,, or 'forcible annexation.' All who did not submit to the proclamation of the tyrant were to be 'brought within the lawful rule we have assumed, with firmness if need be.' On the 5th of February that firmness began to be applied and 4000 heroic Filipinos who could not honestly submit to the self-made despot were killed. The man who killed them was William McKinley. The death of each one of them was groundless manslaughter, McKinley was their murderer. He was their self-condemned murderer, convicted by his own words of one year before. 'I speak not of forcible annexation, because that is not to be thought of, and under our code of 1iorality that would be criminal aggression.'"(Swift, 40)

December 23, 1898
Spanish General Diego de los Rios, in the presence of his staff, the naval commanders and the foreign consuls, formally surrenders the town to the city mayor (Vicente Gay) prior to his evacuation of Panay Island. (Foreman, 511)

December 24, 1898
The revolutionists led by General Martin Delgado occupies the city of Iloilo. “... they entered the city in the most perfect order, scattered their forces in various public buildings, policed the streets and maintained the peace and quiet of the town in a manner that would have done credit to a most highly civilized nation. There was no looting, no insult to men or women, no robbery, no drunkenness or disorder..." (Kimball, 3)

Washington replies to General Otis to occupy the city of Iloilo, specifying that there should be no conflict with the insurgents. (PIS-V6NO1, 7)

December 26, 1898
The Malolos congress adjourns.

December 27, 1898
The Cebuanos established a government in agreement with the government of Aguinaldo after Spanish Governor Montero abandoned the city and sought refuge in Zamboanga. The following were constituted officers of the Cebu revolutionary government: Luis Flores, President and Commander-in-Chief; Julio Llorente, Vice President; General Arcadio Maxilom, Commissioner of Police, Pablo Mejia, Treasurer-General; Miguel Logarta, Minister of Justice and Leoncio Alburo, Secretary to the Council.

December 28, 1898
U.S. General Marcus Miller with 2,500 troops under orders by General Otis to occupy the city of Iloilo is refused disembarcation by Filipino troops, without prior authorization from the Malolos government.
[One result of this Iloilo episode was the untimely exposure of the true intent of the United States – the annexation of the Philippine islands, which was very evident from the official version of the McKinley proclamation that General Miller presented to the Ilonggos, which was forwarded to Aguinaldo by Roque Lopez, the Ilonggo President. Aguinaldo, who held a toned down version provided by General Otis, realized that the United States was not going to support Philippine independence after all.]

December 29, 1898
Pres. McKinley's defining policy is received by General Otis, which included specific instruction to Otis not to forced the Iloilo occupation if it will result in hostilities.
[While the Treaty of Paris had been signed by representatives of both Spain and the United States, the treaty was not effective until ratified by the United States Senate. McKinley's earlier mandate to extend American sovereignty over all of the Philippine islands could be implemented only if war was commenced against the Filipinos or they surrendered voluntarily the territories they held. McKinley was very careful that the U.S. Military did not take an action that might be viewed at home as “criminal aggression” and jeopardize his chances of reelection.]

Year 1899

2008-12-16T04:47:00.000-08:00

January ??, 1899
A provisional government is established in Misamis in the island of Mindanao by Jose Roa, but rival factions prevent the establishment of a similar government in Surigao and Cotabato. (Fernandez, 138-139)

January 1, 1899
Gen Vicente Lukban takes control of Leyte and later also Samar, Cebu and Bohol. (Fernandez, 133)

January 2, 1899
The cabinet of the Filipino government is reorganized and the absolutists, those who favor a strong presidential power, are appointed to positions. This group is led by Apolinario Mabini who wants absolute power in the executive, the President, in contrast to the constitutionalists, led by Pedro Paterno and Felipe Buencamino, who want supremacy of congress. (Fernandez, 105-106; Malcolm, 129)

January 4, 1899
General Otis withholds the original version of President McKinley's proclamation and issues a modified version censoring the words “sovereignty” and “cession”, assuring Filipinos the protection of individual rights and property and warning of consequences for all those who would opposed American military authority. (Blount, 164)
[General Otis learned too late that General Miller had already released in Iloilo the original version of the McKinley proclamation declaring American sovereignty over the whole of the Philippine islands, which was forwarded by the Ilonggos to Aguinaldo, allowing him to compare with the one that General Otis served in Manila.]

Apolinario Mabini, President of the cabinet and chief adviser of Aguinaldo, writes that the chief of the Philippine people has not made any agreement with the Government of the United States, but inspired by the same idea of destroying the sovereignty of Spain in these islands they have mutually assisted each other. (Spooner, 25)

January 5, 1899
In answer to General Otis proclamation, Aguinaldo issues a proclamation protesting the designation of General Otis as Governor of the Philippine Islands, and declares that “neither in Singapore, or in Hongkong, nor here in the Philippines did (he) ever agree, by word or in writing, to recognize the sovereignty of America.” (KalawM[1], 170-171) Aguinaldo concluded saying “Thus it is that my government is ready to open hostilities if the American troops attempt to take forcible possession of the Visayan Islands. I denounce these acts before the world, in order that the conscience of mankind may pronounce its infallible verdict as to who are the true oppressors of nations and the tormentors of human kind. Upon their heads be all the blood which may be shed.” (Magoon, 121)

Agoncillo's secretary, Sixto Lopez, writes the U.S. Secretary of State to accord Agoncillo an audience so he can present his credentials as envoy of the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines. Not even a letter of acknowledgment is received from the office of the Secretary. (KalawM[1], 233)

January 7, 1899
Dewey cables Washington stating that affairs in Manila are very disturbed and that a small civilian commission composed of men skilled in diplomacy should be sent to adjust differences. In a separate letter to Senator Proctor, Dewey expresses his fear that the situation is drifting towards conflict with the insurgents. (Dewey, 285)

January 9, 1899
Agueda Kahabagan is appointed General of the Filipino army. (Mp0080)
[The only female General in the roster of March, 1899.]

January 11, 1899
Another letter is sent to the U.S. Secretary of State, this time signed by Mr. Agoncillo himself saying: "In view of the present status of affairs in the Philippine Islands, and the fact that in the present strained position, the impetuous action of a Filipino or the overzeal of an American soldier, acts based on the impulse of the moment, may create a condition resulting in grievous loss of life as well as a memory that both nations might carry with them for years, I again urge upon you the necessity of early and frank communication between the representatives of the countries in question."(KalawM[1], 234)
[No answer to this letter was similarly received and trouble between Filipinos and Americans was looming ever larger and larger in Manila. Certain incidents strike panic in Manila - two American soldiers shot a dog; a native passing a U.S. sentry is shot dead. A child playing with an egg taken from a chinaman's store is shot dead by an American soldier, who thought the child was stealing from the chinaman.]

January 12, 1899
British businessmen representing significant business interest in the islands meet to consider working out a reconciliation between the Americans and Filipinos to avert possible war and destruction. (Sheridan, 141)

H. W. Bray, the interpreter who introduced Aguinaldo to U.S. Consul of Singapore writes to U.S. Senator Hoar stating: “I frankly state that the conditions under which Aguinaldo promised to cooperate with Dewey were independence under a protectorate. I am prepared to swear on this.” (Fernandez, 55)

January 14, 1899
An atmosphere of tension is in the air; rumors of general uprising of the natives are spreading, while insurgents are heard singing rebel songs. (Sheridan, 142)

January 16, 1899
El Grito del Pueblo publishes this statement: “Those who intend to reestablish the friars in the parishes here need have no doubt that, as Cicero invoked the sword of justice and fury of the gods upon all traitors, so will the provoked people invoke a justice of their own if a new tyranny of their hated enemies be imposed upon them;... but this surely will not happen, for the apostolic delegate must realize that this step would involve the converting into a rank imposition what they have looked forward to as their salvation from misfortune.” (Robinson, 329)

January 17, 1898
After several conferences between Filipino and American representatives, General Otis is persuaded to send to Washington a statement that the aspiration of the Filipino people is independence under certain restrictions, concluding that he “understand insurgents wish qualified independence under American protection.” (KalawM[1], 174)

January 21, 1899
The La Constitucion de la Republic Filipina is ratified by the Filipino congress in session. Aguinaldo proclaims that the constitution of the Filipino Republic is in effect and commands all the authorities, civil as well as military to keep it and cause it to be kept as it is the sovereign will of the Filipino people. (Fernandez, 108)

January 22, 1899
The Filipino Republic holds presidential election and Aguinaldo is elected President. (Sheridan, 148)

January 23, 1899
The formation of the Filipino Republic is inaugurated in an elaborate ceremony: military and civic parade in the main street of Malolos highlighted by the parade of 6,000 strong army led by General Isidoro Torres, speech of Aguinaldo and Pedro Paterno, reading of the constitution article by article and oath of allegiance of the army. A dinner banquet for 200 guests capped the day-long ceremonies. This event also highlights the formal inauguration of the Filipino Republican Army.

Aguinaldo formally informs General Otis that his government has formulated the constitution of the Philippine Republic. (KalawM[1], 176)

January 24, 1899
Mr. Agoncillo again addresses a communication to the U.S. Secretary of State reiterating his earlier fear that the massing of American troops in the Islands while no understanding had been reached between the two governments was fast creating an actual condition of war. (KalawM[1], 234; White, 129)
[Mr. Agoncillo's letters were completely ignored. Instead of hearing the case of the Filipinos through Agoncillo, their appointed representative, President McKinley created a commission which became known as the Shurmann Commission purportedly to gather information from the people of the islands and make recommendations for its future. Filipinos gave little credit to the appointment of the commission, claiming it was but a ruse of the Americans to gain time and strenghten their positions.]

January 25, 1899
Members of the United States Congress agree to vote on the ratification of the Treaty of Paris on Feburary 6, 1899. (KalawM[1], 235)

January 30, 1899
Agoncillo sends to the U.S. Secretary of State a memorial, with the request that it be presented to the Senate of the United States, the fight over the treaty being then at its height in the Senate.

[This document is perhaps the most interesting of all the state papers issued by the Filipino Junta on behalf of the Filipino people. It sets forth the history of the relations between the Americans and the Filipino and the grounds upon which the Philippine Republic based its claim for recognition. (KalawM[1], 234)]

February 2, 1899
The Washington Post publishes the journey made by Paymaster Wilcox and Cadet Sargent of Admiral Dewey's fleet, narrating details of their observation of the conditions of the towns and villages in the hinterlands of Luzon under the jurisdiction of the Filipino government. The narrative cites the peace and quiet that exist, and gives credit to the Aguinaldo government for its efficiency in organizing the local governments and maintaining order.

February 3, 1899
Agoncillo, probably alarmed by press attacks and statements that he might be arrested, flees to Montreal, Canada.

[His flight was taken as an indication that he knew the Filipinos will attack American positions the following day.](KalawM[1], 238)

Feburary 4, 1899
More American troops arrive.

The first shot that started the hostilities between Filipino and American armies is fired.

[Here is the official version still currently accepted and taught in Filipino schools: “On the evening of February 4, Private Grayson, of the First Nebraska Volunteers, was standing on guard at the American end of this bridge (the San Juan river bridge in Santa Mesa, Manila); there was no moon, and the darkness was exceedingly dense, when there suddenly appeared on the bridge a Filipino lieutenant and three privates, all strongly armed, who advanced in perfect step toward him. In obedience to his instructions from the Officer of the Guard, he called, 'Halt!' The summons was deliberately unheeded. Crouching somewhat, with guns in hands, they stealthily moved forward. Again Grayson cried out in a challenging tone, 'Halt!' This second warning was also ignored. The Filipinos moved even more rapidly toward him than before. They were now within a few feet of him. He fired. The Filipino lieutenant fell dead." (Coursey, 72-73)

Here is the unpublished, untaught, practically unknown other version: “On the 4th of February the towns of Santa Ana and San Juan del Monte were under the command of General Ricarte and Colonel San Miguel. On this day those two commanders abandoned their posts and went to a ball, leaving a major by the name of Gray, about 26 years of age, very young and without experience, in command of about 1,800 troops. They extended along the eastern part of the outskirts of Manila and were about half a mile distant from the American troops. We took the deposition of this major, who said that about 9 o'clock p.m. the sergeant of the guard came to his headquarters and told him that a party of American troops desired to cross their lines or were attempting to cross their lines, which was opposed by the Philippine guards. At this time a shot was heard; that he could not say for certain whether the shot came from the American command or from the men under his command, but he ran to the place from which the shot appeared to come, and seeing the American troops in a belligerent attitude gave an order to fire. That is the way the hostilities began.” (Buencamino, 3)]

February 5, 1899
Aguinaldo sends General Torres to ask General Otis for immediate cessation of hostilities and to assure him that the Filipino troops acted without authority from his government. Aguinaldo wants to establish a neutral zone between the two armies of a width that would be agreeable to General Otis, so that during the peace negotiations there would be no further danger of conflict between the two armies. Otis rejects the proposal and informs Aguinaldo that since the fighting has begun, “the Filipinos started the fight and would now have to fight it out." (Leonidas, 120)

[This rejection by Otis of Aguinaldo's ceasefire proposal was followed by an attack on the Filipino positions which lasted all day and resulted in the killing of some three thousand Filipino soldiers. The engagement was reported by Gen Otis to the War Department in Washington as one strictly defensive on the part of the insurgents and one of vigorous attack by the American forces.]

10:00 a.m. - Paco and Santa Ana fell into the hands of Americans.

Senor Escamillo, Aguinaldo's secretary and interpreter, who happened to be in Manila at the start of the conflict is taken prisoner by the Americans.

February 6, 1899
The Treaty of Paris barely passes the United States Congress by a vote of 57 to 27, or just one vote more than the necessary two-thirds required to ratify the treaty. (Everett, 209)

[McKinley and the imperialists in the U.S. Senate took advantage of the outbreak of the war to have the treaty ratified. The imperialists senators censor and misrepresent the conflict in the Philippines, and present it as a challenge by an inferior race to American honor, convincing formerly anti-ratification Senators to vote for ratification. As a result of this treaty Spain ceded the Philippine islands to the United States for a sum of $20 million. One important provision of the treaty is the exemption of the properties of the Catholic Church from the cession, a provision that would insure the continued monastic supremacy in the Philippines, which was the principal cause of the revolution].

February 8, 1899
Aguinaldo sends a commission to confer with General Otis. The commission meets the same reception previously accorded an agent and war was resumed by General Otis merrily and continues to the present day. (Leonidas, 120)

February 9, 1899
General Otis reports to the war department: “Aguinaldo now applies for a cessation of hostilities and conference; have declined to answer." (Leonidas, 194)

February 11, 1899
The Americans attack and capture Caloocan. (Blount, 263)

After spending weeks in the harbor waiting for the order to commence operations on the city of Iloilo General Marcus Miller disembarks his troops and captures the city with a few exchanges of cannon fire. The revolutionaries flee after setting the city aflame. (Foreman, 516; White, 296)

A law is passed by the Malolos Congress establishing the Philippine Women's Red Cross whose object is to engage in charitable work, especially to alleviate the condition of the poor and the suffering. In the meantime that the struggle for independence is still in progress, the association shall devote itself to be always with our (Filipino) troops who are wounded in the struggle, and to give relief to the sick in the hospital or elsewhere, be they friend or foe. (Guevara, 128)

February 18, 1899
The American flag is hoisted at Bacolod.. (Blount, 263)

February 18, 1899
Aguinaldo approves General Antonio Luna's plan to launch a counter attack on Manila which shall be accompanied by a concerted rising of the city population.

February 21, 1899
Colonel Francisco Roman and his troops, following the coordinated plan of attack move into Manila through Vitas, Tondo.

Mariano Ponce, the resident Filipino government representative in Japan, sends a scarf pin of a Philippine flag to Japanese Major General Fukushima explaining that “The blue, colour of the sky, means our hope in a future prosperity, through progress; the red means the blood with which we bought our independence; the white represents the peace which we wish for ours and foreign countries. The sun represents the progress, and some times means that the Philippine nation belongs to Oriental family, like Japan, Korea, etc., who bear also one sun in their flags. The three stars are the three great groups of islands composing the Archipelago, viz., the Luzon group, the Bisayas group and the Mindanao group. “ (Ponce, 281)

February 22, 1899
The concerted rising of the Tagalogs in Manila is attempted with the burning of houses and buildings in Tondo, to create chaos and disorder in the city, under orders from Filipino military officers, with specific instructions to massacre all Americans and Europeans in the city. The conflagration is put down and the attempt at creating disorder is suppressed and the city is placed under full control by U.S. military.

February 23, 1899
Filipino troops unsuccessfully launch counterattack to take Manila and retreat to Polo, Bulacan.
[The attacking force of 6,000 Filipino soldiers was composed of troops of General Antonio Luna from the north, General Licerio Geronimo from the east, General Pio del Pilar and Gen Miguel Malvar from the south, with the Kawit Brigade under Captain Pedro Janolin on reserve at La Loma. Filipino troops sweeped through Caloocan, driving the American defenders towards Pritil. As Filipino troops prepared to assault Manila from Caloocan, Admiral Dewey's fleet bombarded Filipino positions, exacting heavy casualties. But the attacking force pressed on, reached as far as Azcarraga (now Claro M. Recto Ave.) expecting to engage the enemy in hand-to hand combat, where Admiral Dewey's big guns will have no effect, and with fresh troops from the Kawit Brigade, would deal a death blow to the enemy. But Luna’s order to attack is ignored by Captain Janolin saying he only reports to Gen Aguinaldo. And so, the main body of the attacking force, physically spent and low on ammunition retreated.]

Gen Otis burns what remains of Tondo to clear the area and prevent its use as a staging area by the Filipino army.

Mariano Ponce writes to the editors of several Japanese newspapers saying that the claim about Filipino incapacity for self-government is unfounded and added that after having shed so much blood and spent so much money in a two years war for their independence, the Filipinos would, in no wise, accept the authority of the United States. “How should we give our independence over to the Americans, now that we have it in our hands? No! Never! it would be for us an unpardonable crime.” (Ponce, 283)

February ??, 1899
General Antonio Luna resigns in disgust over the lack of discipline in the Filipino army, but is prevalied upon by Aguinaldo to reconsider.
[Luna had previously disarmed Captain Pedro Janolin and his Kawit Brigade, but the men, who were from Aguinaldo's hometown, reported back to Gen Aguinaldo, who made them his bodyguards without General Luna's knowledge. By some stroke of fate, the same soldiers participated in the assassination of Gen Antonio Luna in Cabanatuan .]

March 4, 1899
The United States' Philippine commission headed by Jacob Gould Schurman, tasked with gathering information about the conditions in the Philippines and making recommendations to the U.S. President McKinley, arrives and assembles at Manila. (KalawM[2], 88)

March 4,1899
General Luna issues an order to the effect that any person who either directly or indirectly refuses to give aid to these headquarters in the prosecution of any military plan, or who in any manner whatever interferes with the execution of orders dictated for that purpose by the general in chief commanding operations upon Manila, will be immediately shot without trial. (Spooner, 29)

March 9, 1899
Agoncillo, having arrived in London, informs Apacible that he had lost his documents and everything else in a shipwreck on his way from America. He also assures him that while in Montreal his assassination had been attempted. (KalawM[1], 241)

March 20, 1899
The newspaper Manila Times says Dewey made several promises to Aguinaldo, including independence, for his cooperation with the Americans.

March 25, 1899
The Battle of Malabon is lost and the Filipinos retreats farther north.

March 28, 1899
General Luna puts up a valiant defense of Marilao, but is unable to halt the American advance.

March 31, 1899
Malolos, the Filipino government capital, is taken by the Americans and the main body Filipino troops together with the functionaries of the Malolos government retreat further northeast towards Nueva Ecija.

April 4, 1899
The U.S. Schurman commission issues a proclamation which is effectively a declaration of American sovereignty over the Philippines.

[The Filipinos rejected the proclamation, but sent Colonel Arguelles to meet with the commission to ask for a 3-month armistice to allow the Filipino people time to study the kind of government proposed by the Americans. His request for armistice was denied. Asked what form of government the Americans will established, Colonel Arguelles was told that the kind of government will depend upon the U.S. congress. Realizing that the commission is bent on imposing American rule, first and foremost, Colonel Arguelles returned to Aguinaldo and recommended the adoption of commissions' proclamation if only to secure temporary halt in hostilities. On orders of General Luna, he was rebuked, stripped of his rank and sent to jail for twelve months.] (Thomas, 116)

April 6, 1899
General Otis, in his report to the war department says: "It is not believed that the chief insurgent leaders wished to open hostilities at this time, as they were not completely prepared to assume the initiative." (Leonidas, 119)

April 7, 1899
Mariano Ponce writes to Mr. Sugiyama, editor of The Orient, a Japanese newspaper, decrying what he called “the impropriety of American imperialism” and affirms the capacity and reasonableness of the Filipino's protest. He further says that “We cannot trust in the generosity of the Americans; from them we received many insults and faithlessness; by sad experience we know that if we let our fate in their hands they will make us a mere colony.” (Ponce, 326)

April 10, 1899
General Ignacio Pawa, the Chinese-Filipino general, defends Santa Cruz, a city along Laguna de Bay, which also falls into American hands under General Lawton

April 11, 1899
Mariano Ponce writes to Mr. Yamagata, editor of Yorodzu Chuho, a Japanese newspaper in Tokyo intimating the shift to guerrilla warfare, saying: “The new plan of our army, in order to avoid too much blood to be poured, is to let Americans take many places, and attack them in guerrillas at several posts. When the Americans are scattered it will be easy to destroy them with little blood. This proceeding has always given result: my people is very skilful in this kind of struggle. They only accept advantageous battles.” (Ponce, 328)

April 12, 1899
Filipino soldiers in Baler, Tayabas (now Quezon) capture the crew and soldiers from the American gunboat Yorktown, that were dispatched to relieve the Spaniards holed up in the church convent and besieged by Filipinos.

April 14, 1899
U.S. army reinforcements arrive via the Sheridan having on board the 12th Infantry and a battalion of the 17th Infantry.

April 15, 1899
Mabini, acting as President of the Council of government, issues a manifesto questioning the authority of President McKinley and the Schurman commission to impose U.S. sovereignty in the Philippines, saying that the title of the United States to the Philippines is null and void because the people has not been consulted in it. He then urges the continuation of the struggle. (KalawM[1], 186-187)

April 16, 1899
Emilio Jacinto is killed at the battle of Majayjay, Laguna between American troops and Katipuneros that composed a separate fighting unit from the regular Philippine forces under Aguinaldo.

April 20, 1899
Filipino troops under the command of General Licerio Geronimo capture 140 of General Lawton's forces at the battle of Binangonan .

April 23, 1899
Filipino troops under the command of General Antonio Luna engage the Americans led by General Franklin Bell in the battle of Bagbag and Calumpit, Bulacan (referred by Americans as the Battle of Quingua) where Colonel Stotsenberg of the United States army is killed. The initial American assault is repelled by General Gregorio del Pilar, but the Filipinos come under heavy American artillery fire and are forced to abandon their trenches. General Luna sends an emissary to General Mascardo who was in Guagua to send reinforcements, but Mascardo refuses to obey and sends word that he will only take orders from Aguinaldo. Piqued by the insubordination of Mascardo, General Luna abandons the battlefield and marches his troops to Guagua to deal with General Mascardo. Aguinaldo intervenes and averts what could have been a disastrous shootout between two armies of the same flag.

April 26, 1899
American troops take Calumpit in the afternoon.

April 28, 1899
Aguinaldo sends Pedro Paterno to discuss peace with the Americans without General Luna's knowledge.

May ??, 1899
On account of insubordination that some Filipino officers displayed in the past, e.g., Captain Janolin and General Mascardo, General Luna creates his own organization in the Filipino army. He enlists Ilocanos and Macabebes of Pampanga who served under Spain. In the process, he creates undercurrents in the army because the Tagalogs, who comprise the majority of the soldiers, hate the Macabebes and mistrust the Ilocanos. General Luna prepares a plan to establish a stronghold in the Cordilleras. Rumors start to circulate that Gen Antonio Luna is planning a coup d’ etat to wrest total control of the government and the army.

May ??, 1899
After learning that Paterno talked to the Americans, General Luna orders the arrest of Paterno and his men. Without knowing that Aguinaldo previously authorized the mission of Paterno in talking to the Americans, General Luna presents the prisoners to Aguinaldo as traitors, but the latter only waited for Gen Luna to leave and releases the prisoners right away.

May 1, 1899
Hot fight near San Rafael, Bulacan.

May 2, 1899
Baliwag is captured by the Americans after a strong resistance put up by Generals Gregorio and Pio del Pilar with 800 men.

May 2, 1899
Conference between Gen Otis, the Philippine Commission, and some envoys of Aguinaldo - Major Manuel Arguelles, Lt. Jose Bernalto and Capt. Lorenzo Zialcita who spoke English, to discuss peace with honor. General Otis presents the American position that an unconditional surrender of the Filipino army is a prerequisite to a cease fire or armistice. The Filipino side refuses to accept this imposition without a clear indication that a government of their own under American protectorate will be respected by the Americans.

May 3, 1899
The members of the Mabini cabinet tell the President that whenever he is convinced "that other persons are better qualified to secure the realization of the happiness of the country," Aguinaldo could form a new cabinet. (KalawM[1], 190)

May 5, 1899
San Fernando Pampanga fell into American hands.

United States Secretary Hay cables the Schurman Commission authorizing it to propose that under the military power of the President, pending action of Congress, government of the Philippines shall consist of a Governor-General appointed by the President; Cabinet appointed by the Governor-General; a general advisory council elected by the people, saying further that the President earnestly desires the cessation of bloodshed, and that the people of the Philippines at an early date shall have the largest measure of self-government consistent with peace and good order. (KalawM[1], 188)

Mabini and General Luna are very much opposed to the protectorate proposal and Luna even orders the arrest of Arguelles, contending that to advocate autonomy and not independence is treason because the Philippines is ruled by a constitution and is an independent nation. (KalawM[1], 188)

May 6, 1899
The few remaining members of the Malolos Congress meet, decide upon a policy of conciliation with the United States and pass a resolution setting the President at liberty to appoint a new cabinet. In the words of one of the members, "it was unanimously resolved to enter into an understanding with General Otis, upon the basis of the proclamation of autonomy offered by the Schurman Commission." (KalawM[1], 190)

May 7, 1899
Aguinaldo formally notifies Mabini of his decision to appoint Paterno to form a new cabinet to replace the Mabini cabinet. Mabini graciously accepted the decision and wishes the new cabinet success. (KalawM[1], 190-191)

May 8, 1899
Filipino peace delegates enter General Lawton's lines at San Isidro. Mabini says in a letter: "I have just received a telegram from Sr. Paterno advising me that he is ready to accept an autonomy like that of Canada and asking for my opinion; and I answered him that I do not want any kind of autonomy for my country under the sovereignty of another nation, for otherwise we would be openly violating the constitution which they themselves have approved and which is still in force.” (KalawM[1], 192-193)

May 9, 1899
The Revolutionary Government changes its seat to Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, and on the same day General Luna is appointed Assistant Secretary of War. (KalawM[1], 206)

May 17, 1899
San Isidro, the new capital, is taken by Americans under Gen Lawton.

May 20, 1899
Admiral Dewey departs from the Philippines.

The newspaper, La Independencia, publishes an interview with General Luna who is quoted as saying that the military – represented by Generals Tinio, Makabulos, Concepcion, Mascardo, Pilar and Torres are all against autonomy, together with majority of the civilian population. (KalawM[1], 207)

May 22, 1899
Aguinaldo sends peace commissioners composed of G. Gonzaga, Alberto Barretto, Gregorio del Pilar and Captain Zialcita, to the U.S. Philippine Commission to seek armistice so that the Hay proposal for an autonomy can be presented for approval by the Filipino people. (KalawM[1], 199)

General Otis cables Washington that he has denied the request for armistice by the Aguinaldo Commissioners. (KalawM[1], 199)

June ??, 1899
A strict censureship of the press is established and American press representatives in the Philippines are so disgusted with the misrepresentations of facts that they decide to send a cablegram of protest to the American press. (KalawM[1], 178)

June 2, 1899
Paterno, on behalf of the Council of Government, issues a manifesto recognizing the futility of the peace efforts with the Americans and exhorts all Filipinos to continue the struggle: "To war, then, beloved brothers, to war." (KalawM[1], 199)

June 4, 1899
Gen Luna receives advice from Aguinaldo for a meeting in Cabanatuan.

June 5, 1899
General Concepcion, known to be a supporter of General Luna, whose headquarters is at Angeles, Pampanga, receives a telegram at 2:30 p.m., from President Aguinaldo advising him that the President has taken charge of the direction of the operations in Central Luzon, that he is provisionally establishing his offices and headquarters at Bamban and that he is coming at 4:00 P. M. that same day, which meant that Luna has been relieved of the command. Aguinaldo arrives at the appointed hour and immediately begins investigation as to whether there are any plots against him. (KalawM[1], 209-210)

General Antonio Luna is treacherously killed at Cabanatuan by Filipino troops which Luna had disarmed for insubordination in a previous incident.
[Here is General Concepcion's version of the incident: “On the 2nd or 3rd of June Luna received a telegram from Aguinaldo asking him to form a new cabinet and asking him to see the President at Cabanatuan. Luna found out upon reaching Cabanatuan that the officer whom he had disarmed was in charge of the bodyguard of the president. Upon going up to the presidency he also found out that Aguinaldo had left for San Isidro. He was naturally disappointed at the apparent failure of the President to keep his appointment. Suddenly a revolver shot was heard from below. Luna walked downstairs to see what was the matter, but before he left the last steps he was stabbed in the back, then he and his aide Colonel Roman were fired upon and boloed, till they died."

Here is the official notification of the death of Luna made by the Revolutionary Government: CIRCULAR TO THE PROVINCIAL CHIEFS OF THIS ARCHIPELAGO REGARDING THE CAUSE OF THE DEATH OF GENERAL ANTONIO LUNA AND HIS AIDE, COLONEL FRANCISCO ROMAN. 1899 SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR TO PROVINCIAL CHIEFS, Cabanatuan, June 8, 1899. I regret to communicate to you that in consequence of a military collision in this town on the 5th instant, General Luna and Colonel Roman died, which event the Military court is investigating. (Signed) SEVERINO DE LAS ALAS Secretary.

Letter head; DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC Supplementary to my telegram of the 8th instant, making known the death of General Antonio Luna and of his aide, Colonel Francisco Roman, I must add that the causes of the deaths of these gentlemen were the insulting and assaulting of the sentinel and guard of the house of the Honorable President of the Republic, and slurs directed against the person of the latter, who was at the time absent in the field. Therefore, the sentinel and the guards being insulted by the said General and also kicked and cuffed by him and even having revolvers discharged against them, not only by the General but also by his aide Colonel Francisco Roman, and being still much more wrought up over the gross insults and threats of death which both made against the Honorable President, who, thank God, was absent in the field, the sentinel and other guards made use of their arms to repel the unjust aggression of General Luna and his aid, both of whom were instantly killed." (KalawM[1], 210)

Here is another version of the incident: "A Spanish officer, who had been a prisoner in the hands of the rebels and who was released by Aguinaldo, came through our lines to Manila. He claimed to have been a witness of the assassination of General Luna. According to his story the relations between the two Filipino leaders have been strained to the breaking point because of Luna's attempts to assume control of affairs, and the final rapture was forced by Aguinaldo issuing secret orders to the provincial governments. Luna thereupon notified Aguinaldo, demanding copies of the documents, and Aguinaldo replied curtly that Luna was a general of the army and that the civil government did not concern him. Luna, on opening the reply at his headquarters, in the presence of his officers, exclaimed hotly: 'He will be dead tomorrow.' One officer, who was friendly to Aguinaldo, hastened to warn him, and Aguinaldo called together his trusted officers, fellow townsmen of his, and stationed them around his house, with instructions to kill anyone attempting to enter, regardless of rank. Luna appeared the next day and saw Aguinaldo at the window. A member of the guard said: 'Aguinaldo has gone to inspect the troops.' Luna then exclaimed: 'You are a liar,' drew his revolver, struck the guard, and tried to force an entrance into the house. Before he could use his revolver one of the guards bayoneted him, another shot him in the back and others stabbed him. In all he had twenty wounds. Luna's aide-de-camp was killed in the same way. " (Everett, 469) With the death of Gen Luna, Aguinaldo orders the arrest of Luna's officers and disbands or reassigns their troops. After this incident, only the troops of Gen Gregorio del Pilar and Gen Manuel Tinio remained in Northern Luzon to face the Americans.

In Buencamino's testimony before the U. S. Senate, he declares as follows: “Luna's partisans say that Luna received a telegram from Aguinaldo, and Aguinaldo's partisans say that he sent no such telegram, because Aguinaldo was in search of Luna. I have personally attempted to find in our telegrams the ribbons of that day and of the previous day, but it has been impossible to find anything of them. General Bell, who covered all the parts where Luna and Aguinaldo were in the north, also desired to study that question, and he took all the telegrams and ribbons which he could find abandoned by the Filipinos in their flight. He says that he did not find anything which would throw any light on the subject, in order to discover how that coincidence took place, of Aguinaldo being at Luna's house, while Luna was being killed in the lower part of Aguinaldo's house, 75 miles from each other. … I do not know if Aguinaldo made any investigation, but at that time there was such secrecy that none of us could speak a word about it, fearing that we would suffer the same fate, and for that reason the Philippine insurrection morally died; there was no more confidence in anybody.” (Buencamino, 85-86)]

June 10, 1899
Generals Lawton, Wheaton and Ovenshine of the United States army with 4,500 men launch the southern campaign, advancing from San Pedro Makati and sweeping the country between Manila Bay and south.

June 13, 1899
The Filipinos fight the biggest battle - the Battle of Zapote, the same place where the Filipino revolutionaries defeated the Spaniards. 3,000 Filipino defenders engage 4,000 Americans supported by artillery and navy gunboats. The Filipino artillery piece is easily put out of commission by superior American firepower and Filipinos eventually withdraw with a loss of nearly a thousand lives.(KalawM[1], 217)

June 22, 1899
U. S. General Charles King writes to the Milwaukee Journal: "The capability of the Filipinos for self government cannot be doubted; such men as Arellano, Aguinaldo, and many others whom I might name, are highly educated; nine-tenths of the people read and write; all are skilled artisans in one way or another; they are industrious, frugal, temperate, and, given a fair start, could look out for themselves infinitely better than our people imagine. In my opinion they rank far higher than the Cubans or the uneducated negroes to whom we have given the right of suffrage.” (Leonidas, 129-130)

June 23, 1899
Agoncillo cables the Hongkong Junta admonishing it to constantly send circulars to Filipino commanders that they treat with respect the person and property of foreigners and rigidly observe the laws of war, publishing such circulars in the vicinity and sending them to all consuls in Manila. (Spooner, 27)

August ??, 1899
A new propaganda campaign is waged in the United States: Apacible is replaced by Riego de Dios who circulates a letter prepared by Felipe Buencamino to the American public, which includes documents written by Regidor and Aguinaldo attesting to the capability of Filipinos to self-government.

August 16, 1899
Angeles falls into American hands.

September 5, 1899
Apacible advises the Revolutionary Government that there were two ways open, one was to continue the struggle until Democratic candidate William Jennings Bryan is elected and the other is to deal directly with President McKinley. It is decided to try both ways. (KalawM[1], 242)

September 10, 1899
Apolinario Mabini is arrested by the Americans.

September 11, 1899
Marianco Ponce writes to Mr. Oshikawa inquiring about the result of the meeting with Mr. Imamoto, regarding the possibility that some wealthy Japanese make out a loan to the Philippine government to supply its present necessities, considering that it is now in a very critical situation. (Ponce, 402)
[The Japanese clandestinely made attempts to help the Filipinos. Arrangements were made for "retired" Japanese officers to go to the Philippines as advisors to the Filipino army. The officers, a relatively small contingent, did serve with the Filipino forces, but the attempt to ship arms to the islands was a complete failure. The Nunobiki Maru carrying 10,000 rifles, 6,000,000 rounds of ammunition, and other military supplies was sunk in a typhoon, and a second attempt was stymied by the threat of the effective American blockade. On the whole, the Japanese contributed little to the Filipinos. (Gates, 100-101) A Japanese national who was adjutant to General Licerio Geronimo known only by the name Tomvilla surrendered to the Americans on March 21, 1901.]

September 15, 1899
The Chicago Tribune publishes an interview purportedly with Mr. Schurmann of the Peace commission where an offer was made to Aguinaldo of a monthly stipend of $5,000 and the position of governor of the Tagalos in exchange for capitulation, which Aguinaldo allegedly rejected with scorn. (Pettigrew, 228)

September 23, 1899
Aguinaldo publishes his document Resena Veridica de la Revolucion Filipina or "A True Narrative of the Philippine Revolution", a pamphlet in which he asks the U.S. congress to recognize Filipino independence on moral, cultural and political grounds. He also advocates Filipinos to free American prisoners and return them to General Otis as a conciliatory gesture.

September 25, 1899
The Japanese ship Inaba Maru left London with a large shipment of ammunition addressed to American Consul, Hongkong. (St. Clair, 191)

September ??, 1899
General Jose Alejandrino delivers American prisoners of war to General Otis in the hope of obtaining concessions towards cessation of hostilities.

October 3, 1899
President McKinley writes a memorandum of his conversation with Admiral Dewey regarding the Philippines. The questions are written by the President in advance and Dewey's replies noted. Following is the transcription: “SELF GOVERNMENT, - are they capable? No and will not be for many, many years. The United States must control and supervise giving Filipinos participation as far as capable. WHAT DOES AGUINALDO REPRESENT in population and sentiment? He has no more than 40,000 followers of all kinds out of 8 or 10 millions WHAT IS OUR DUTY? Keep the islands permanently. Valuable in every way HOW MANY TROOPS NEEDED? 50000 HAVE WE SHIPS ENOUGH? Ought to send some more. Recommends that Brooklyn go and smaller vessels. SHOULD WE GIVE UP THE ISLANDS? Never – never.” (Olcott, 98)

October 15, 1899
Mrs. Aguinaldo speaks to soldiers assembled in Tarlac: "Were it not a shocking thing for us to wear trousers and to carry rifles…we [the women] members of the Philippine Red Cross - would aid you in the struggle and die by your side, for what would our lives amount to if we should still have to live in slavery? Though I am a weak woman, I can assure you that my prayer is [for] all the Filipino people."

October 16, 1899
As soon as he arrives in Hongkong after leaving Yokohama, Mariano Ponce writes his friend, Dr. Sun Yat Sen of China, to make arrangement for arms to be shipped to the Philippines to be repaid on return voyage of the vessel. (Ponce, 407)

October 17-18, 1899
The Anti-Imperialist League of the United States holds its national conference in Chicago presided over by Edwin Buritt Smith. (KalawM[1], 244)

October 19, 1899
Americans under General Lawton recaptures San Isidro.

November 1, 1899
Galicano Apacible, the head of the diplomatic corp of the Revolutionary government, travels via Europe to Toronto, Canada to meet with Sixto Lopez and Rafael del Pan with the view to working close with the Anti-Imperialist groups of the United States. (KalawM[1], 251)

November 2, 1899
An assembly of Filipino women in Tarlac is held in honor of national independence and some Americans - William Jennings Bryan, Dale Carnegie, Mark Twain, Senator Hoar and several other anti-imperialists. Bryan is the Democratic party presidential candidate who is contesting the re-election bid of Republican president William McKinley. Bryan's campaign platform opposes the annexation of the Philippines by the United States.

[McKinley won his re-election bid and the fate of the Philippines was sealed].

November 2, 1899
In a preliminary report to the President McKinley, the Schurman Commission speaks of the wealth of the islands, and advances the theory that its temporary occupation has practically committed the United States to a permanent or at least indefinite tenure as a trust for civilisation. It urges that the United States take the islands, otherwise some other nation will. The report also says, "Should our power by any fatality be withdrawn, the government of the Philippines would speedily lapse into anarchy, which would excuse, if it did not necessitate, the intervention of other powers and the eventual division of the islands among them.... The welfare of the Filipinos coincides with the dictates of national honour in forbidding our abandonment of the archipelago." (Willis, 18)

November 6, 1899
An autonomous self-government under American protection inaugurated at Bacolod at the request of the local population, reverts back to American administrative control after suffering from bureaucratic failure .

November 11, 1899
Filipino generals hold a council of war at Bayambang, Pangasinan on the Rio Agno and resolve to change strategy from conventional to guerrilla warfare. A recommendation is submitted to Aguinaldo to disperse the Filipino army and send the officers and men to their home provinces to constitute guerrilla units.

November 12, 1899
General Arthur McArthur's forces seize Tarlac, the new capital of the Filipino republic.

Aguinaldo issues an order dispersing the regular Filipino army and directing their reorganization into guerrilla units.

[The country was divided into provincial zones headed by a general, with sub-zones headed by lower-ranked officers. Among the major zones were Northern Luzon, under the command of General Manuel Tinio, with the Ilocos zones headed by Aglipay and Isabelo de los Reyes; Abra, by General Juan Villamor; the Central Luzon command under Pantaleon Garcia with zones in Nueva Ecija headed by Gen Urbano Lacuna, Bulacan, by Gen Pedro Tecson, Pampanga, by General Tomas Mascardo, Morong (now Rizal), by Gen Licerio Geronimo; the Southern Luzon command under Artemio Ricarte with zones in Laguna headed by General Juan Cailles, Cavite, by General Mariano Trias, Batangas, by General Miguel Malvar, Ambos Camarines, by General Ignacio Pawa; the Central Visayan command under Gen Vicente Lukban with zones in Samar and Leyte headed by General Guevara, Negros island, by General Juan Araneta, Panay island, by General Martin Delgado, assisted by Pablo Araneta, Bohol, by General Samson, and Cebu, by General Arcadio Maxilom, assisted by General Juan Climaco, and General Nicolas Capistrano in Cagayan de Oro. Due to the importance of civilian support, the Katipunan was reactivated to recruit members of guerrilla units who were enlisted under solemn rituals and oath as it was done during the time of Andres Bonifacio]

Gen Wheaton routs the Filipino defenders at San Jacinto Pangasinan.

A meeting of different groups in Cebu resolve to inform the American government, through the Provincial Board, of their objection to the assignment of seven friars saying that the people are opposed to the permanency of the friars, which might give rise to disorder, and for which reason it is necessary, and they so demand, that the said friars be immediately expelled. (Robinson, 331)

November 15, 1899
Aguinaldo, with a small party of ministers and officers, closely pursued by the cavalry of General Lawton of the United States army, slip past, through the mountains of Pozzorubio and Rosario, and escape to mountainous region of northern Luzon.

November 20, 1899
Felipe Buencamino, Secretary of State of the Philippine government, together with Aguinaldo's mother and child, are captured in Cabaruan, Pangasinan by the American troops. (Buencamino, 1 and 38)

November 23, 1899
From Hongkong, Mariano Ponce writes to Mr. W. H. Coard of the Canadian newspaper, The Gazette, constesting the claim of Mr. Schurmann that Aguinaldo represents only one tribe, the Tagalogs, citing the resistance offered by people of Cebu, Iloilo, Mindanao against the forcible take over by the Americans and the Philippine Congress participated in by representatives from various provinces. (Ponce, 437-443)

December 2, 1899
General Gregorio del Pilar, the famous boy general, commanding Aguinaldo’s rear guard, with 60 men makes a desperate stand at Tirad Pass to delay the advance of American troops who are in pursuit of Aguinaldo. A villager named Januario Galut reveals to the Americans an alternate path. The Filipino defenders are outflanked. Gregorio del Pilar and 52 of his men are killed.

[In his diary, Del Pilar wrote the night before: “The General (Aguinaldo) has given me the pick of all the men that can be spared and ordered me to defend the Pass. I realize what a terrible task has been given me. And yet I feel that this is the most glorious moment of my life. What I do is done for my beloved country. No sacrifice can be too great.”]

December 5, 1899
U.S. President McKinley addresses the United States congress, declares that Filipino forces deliberately attacked American troops, and that U.S. forces are needed to reduce the Filipinos to submission. He also pushes for American schools, courts and churches to be opened in the Philippines, and for industry, commerce, and agriculture to be fostered.

December 10, 1899
Apolinario Mabini, former member of the cabinet of the Malolos government is captured by the Americans.

December 14, 1899
Sixto Lopez, in an article published in the Independent asks: "Why not negotiate? If negotiation fails it will then be time enough for war. True, in the past our overtures of peace and good will have not been received in a hearty manner by the administration. But let that pass. It can not be undignified to do what honor and righteousness demand. Who will help the cause of peace? Could any cause be worthier the genius of the statesmen of a great nation?" (KalawM[1], 242)

December 19, 1899
Filipino troops under the command of General Licerio Geronimo defeats the Americans led by Gen Lawton in the battle of Paye, San Mateo, Morong (Rizal province), where the American general is killed.
[Colonel Maximo Abad, who would turn up another major Filipino victory over the Americans in the battle of Pulang Lupa, Torrijos, Marinduque, actively participated in this battle]

Year 1900

2008-12-14T05:16:00.000-08:00

January 10, 1900
The parishioners of Santa Cruz, Manila delivers a petition to Msgr. P. M Chapelle, Apostolic delegate of his Holiness, Pope Leo XIII, protesting the reassignment of friars to their parish and asked that native clergy be assigned instead. (Robinson, 330-331)

January 13, 1900
From Hongkong, Mariano Ponce writes to Dr. Sun Yat Sen exhorting him to continue working for the Filipino cause, assuring him that Filipinos will fight to the end and cites Aguinaldo's statement that “It may happen that we lose our hope of triumph in our present struggle, due to insufficiency of our war resources, but what we shall never lose is our hope of dying for the sake of our independence.” (Ponce, 463)

January ??, 1900
General Paciano Rizal, brother of national hero Dr. Jose, Rizal, who is operating in the province of Laguna, is captured by the Americans. (Foreman, 504)

March 10, 1900
Lt. Webster with a detachment of troops from the 42nd Infantry captures and destroys the Headquarters of the Morong Battalion of General Licerio Geronimo, taking a large number of rifles, and great store of ammunition and supplies.

March 16, 1900
In order to establish civil government in the Philippine Islands at the earliest possible time, President McKinley appoints a second Philippiine Commission composed of William H. Taft, D.C. Worcester, Luke E. Wright, Henry C. Ide, and Bernard Moses vested with power of exercising legislative function and establishing the court of justice. (Willis, 30; KalawM[1], 296)

March ??, 1900
The Chinese descent Filipino General Pawa, brother in law to Aguinaldo and operating in Southern Luzon, surrenders to the Americans. (Foreman, 504)

May ??, 1900
Pedro Paterno and Felipe Buencamino, cabinet members of the Philippine government, surrender to the Americans. They resolve to work for peace.

May 1, 1900
Isidoro de los Santos writes a long letter from Hongkong to Aguinaldo in Tagalog, telling him of the great progress of the diplomatic work of Apacible, del Pan and Sixto Lopez among the Anti-Imperialists groups in the United States. (KalawM[1], 251)

May 4, 1900
The New York Evening Post publishes an exchange of correspondence between an American officer, Major Parker, and General Miguel Malvar. The American officer urges Malvar to surrender so that he need not send troops to surround and capture him. But Malvar, while acknowledging the superiority of American arms, still hope that the United States will become acquainted with the true state of affairs in the country and grant Filipinos their independence. ( KalawM[1], 225-226)

May 6, 1900
General Pantaleon Garcia and Hilario Tal Placido are captured in Jaen, Nueva Ecija. Found in possession of Garcia is an order from Aguinaldo giving him dictatorial powers within his jurisdiction and extending to him judicial, political even life and death authority. (Magoon, 79-80)
[Placido is a Macabebe who would later played a key role in the expedition of U.S. General Frederick Funston to capture Aguinaldo].

May ??, 1900
Sergio Osmena, a young man of twenty two, starts the El Nuevo Dia, a daily with nationalistic tendencies, in the City of Cebu, Province of Cebu in association with Rafael Palma and Jaime C. de Veyra. (KalawM[1], 283)
[It must be remembered that at that time there was still some opposition in the field, for Aguinaldo had not yet been captured and several provinces were still in active guerrilla warfare. There was strict censorship of the press. The hardship suffered by the Cebu newspaper represented the life the nationalists had to live in those early years of American rule. "El Nuevo Dia", to quote Jaime C. De Veyra," was suspended twice; its offices were frequently searched by the military authorities; its personnel was threatened with banishment and all its equipment was to be thrown into the sea if peace was not restored in Cebu; but it firmly held to its policies at a time when some newspapermen at Iloilo were being subjected to what was known as the "water-cure", and in Manila the newspapermen were being imprisoned or, as in the case of Mabini and Gerona, exiled to Guam.]

June ??, 1900
From Toronto, Canada, where he stayed after travelling from Europe, Galiciano Apacible issues a pamphlet on behalf of the Central Filipino Committee entitled, To the American People an Appeal, proposing the following bases for American-Philippine relationship: (1) We shall indemnify the United States for 20 million pesos paid to Spain. (2) Perpetual and free commercial relations favorable to American interests and to the development of our country shall always unite us. (3) The United States shall have reasonable places in the Philippines for the establishment of coaling stations, outside the city. (4) We shall not permit monopolies of any kind in the Philippines and we shall give American citizens all conditions and guarantees necessary for those who want to be there. (5) We are ready to give you all that you want in our country provided it is just and does not constitute a violation of our political independence or the integrity of our land. (KalawM[1], 243)

June 3, 1900
The Taft Commission arrives in Manila and issues manifestos calling for peace.

June 16, 1900
General Riego de Dios, temporarily in charge of the Hongkong Junta, writes to the guerrilla commander in Bulacan Province, General Isidoro Torres, and urging him to have more endurance and constancy because the impression is that the Democratic party will win in the coming U.S. Presidential elections, and Democratic candidate William Jennings Bryan is firm for the independence of the Philippines. (KalawM[1], 250)

June 21, 1900
Gen Arthur McArthur, succeeding General Otis as military governor, releases Filipino political prisoners and issues a general amnesty to those Filipinos who would lay down their arms and within three months and take an oath of allegiance to the U.S. He offers to pay P30 for each gun surrendered. He also promises to extend to all Filpinos individual rights guaranteed by the Constitution of the U.S. Aguinaldo urges the Filipinos to reject McArthur's offer. American soldiers intensify campaign on the civilian population to reduce them to submission. (PIS-V1N09, 29; KalawM[1], 263-264))

June 28, 1900
General Pio del Pilar takes advantage of the amnesty and presented himself to the Americans. [He was, however, rearrested in September 6 for taking part in a conspiracy.] (Foreman, 505)

July ??, 1900
The Comite Nacional of the Filipinos is formed with the following objectives: To the end that each town may be able to guard the sacred interest of our country in these present circumstances; to be prepared to give the necessary assistance to the people carrying arms, who are struggling for our independence; and to assist in the political and diplomatic action of our Comite abroad and the successful prosecution of our cause by our foreign policy. The guidelines bears the signature of Teodoro Sandico, with the title, Superior Chief of the Republican Guard.

July ??, 1900
A petition to the United States congress signed by 2,006 'peaceful inhabitants' circulates in Manila, setting forth in eloquent phrases the passionate desire of the Filipinos for independence.

July 1, 1900
The civil guards arrested Filipino Generals Ricarte and Estrella in Manila while recruiting volunters for the revolution and boldly admit they have come to the city to effect an uprising. (KalawM[1], 280)

July 28, 1900
W.H. Taft, President of the Philippine Commission, writes to Pedro Paterno advising him of the withdrawal of the acceptance of invitation to a planned banquet to celebrate the proclamation of the general amnesty, on the basis he had information some of the speeches to be made by certain Filipinos will talk about independence under American protectorate, which the United States is not willing to grant to the Filipinos. (KalawM[1], 267; St. Claire, 184)

August 1, 1900
The headquarters of General Juan Cailles guarded by 100 insurgents is attacked by American troops; five insurgents were killed; seven large barracks burned; eight rifles, 5,500 rounds of ammunition, two revolvers, 1 officer's sabre, ten bolos, two American horses and some insurgents records were captured. (Chaffee, N-20)

August 3, 1900
Aguinaldo issues a counter proclamation urging the continuance of the war and offers rewards to Americans who will surrender their arms. (Foreman, 505)

August 10, 1900
Aguinaldo sends the following power of authority to Mabini: “I hereby deliver and confirm ample powers and prerogatives upon Apolinario Mabini to accept conferences and discuss conditions of peace under the basis of the recognition of Philippine independence. He should transmit to this office the results of the negotiations for the approval of, the government. Similarly, I authorize said Apolinario Mabini to choose the members which he may deem necessary for the carrying out of the present plan and he is to be the President of such a committee of members.” (KalawM[1], 260)
[Whatever attempt Buencamino may have made to induce Aguinaldo and the Congress to accept a program of autonomy, it seems that Aguinaldo remained true to the ideals of independence and determined not to agree to any understanding with America which was not based upon independence or the recognition of the future right to independence. He was undoubtedly encouraged to maintain this attitude by the Hongkong Junta. He respected Mabini more than anybody else because of Mabini's adherence to the same ideal. That was the reason why even when Mabini was in Manila, he was still sought by Aguinaldo in all diplomatic negotiations with the Americans.]

In a conference with Mr. Taft and General Bell, Mabini clearly saw the kind of government that the Americans intended to establish in the Philippines, and he made this comment: “I see that the Americans are decided in dragging us to the bitter alternative of dishonor or death. Now that this is so I shall try to behave as an honorable man who puts his duties and honor above everything else. Between dishonor and death, it is our duty to prefer the latter.” (KalawM[1], 261).

September 1, 1900
The second Philippine Commission begins exercising legislative functions.(KalawM[1], 297)

September 13, 1900
Colonel Maximo Abad and 37 of his men ambush a detachment of 51 American soldiers led by Captain Devereux Shields at Torrijos, Marinduque. The engagement lasts for several hours and after four Americans are killed and several, including Captain Shields, are wounded the Americans surrender. (Chaffee, N-28)
[Colonel Abad was previously under the command of General Licerio Geronimo of the Morong Brigade that defeated the Americans in the battle of San Mateo, Morong (Rizal) where American General Henry Lawton was killed. His presence in Marinduque must have been a new assignment.]

September 17, 1900
In the battle of Mabitac, Laguna, Filipino troops led by General Juan Cailles defeat an American force commanded by Colonel Benjamin F. Cheatham and assisted by the gunboat Florida. The Americans suffer 21 killed and 23 wounded. The Filipinos suffer 11 killed and 20 wounded, with Lt Col Fidel Sario among those killed. (Chaffee, N-28)

September 23, 1900
Apolinario Mabini is released from prisons and settles in Nagtahan, Manila. He continues to appeal to Filipinos to serve the country and suggests ways to win the war against the Americans.

November 12, 1900
Mabini writes Aguinaldo seeking advice on what position to take in negotiating with the Americans – sue for peace and recognize the sovereignty of the United States or continue to pursue the course of independence. (KalawM[1], 262)

November 22, 1900
Troops from United States 27th and 42nd Infantry capture the stronghold of General Licerio Geronimo in Montalban.

November ??, 1900
Macario Sakay, a Katipunero initiated by Bonifacio into the Katipunan in 1894 and incarcerated by the Spaniards after the discovery of the Katipunan, continues the futile struggle against the Americans. He leads a small remnants of the Filipino army in Southern Luzon that continually harass American outposts.

December 20, 1900
General MacArthur, in command of the American army, issues a proclamation warning the people that the laws of war would be strictly enforced and that all those who are found to be aiding the revolutionists will be dealt with severely. (KalawM[1], 280; Magoon, 78)
[Accordingly many persons were imprisoned, and the order helped in no small measure in the rapid pacification of the country. Not content with this measure, in order to show the severity of the new policy, General MacArthur asked authority from the War Department to deport leaders whose activities were in the opinion of the General not conducive to the pacification of the Islands.]

December 23, 1900
The Federal Party is organized in a meeting presided over by Florentino Torres, attended by prominent Filipinos, many of whom held high positions in the Aguinaldo government, among them T. H. Pardo de Tavera, Cayetano S. Arellano, Frank S. Bourns, Florentino Torres, Ambrosio Flores, Jose Ner, and Tomas G. Del Rosario, Arsenio Cruz Herrera, Felipe Buencamino, Ignacio Villamor, Teodoro Yangko, and Baldomero Roxas, which stands for acceptance of American sovereignty and the aspiration to make the Philippines a state of the American Union. (KalawM[1], 270)
[Mr. Taft found the idea of making the Philippines a member of the Union very unpopular among the Senators and Congressmen of the United States, and therefore did not encourage the Federal Party to pursue it further. The party eventually concentrated its efforts and succeeded in convincing various guerilla bands operating in the provinces to surrender to the Americans and take the oath of allegiance to the United States. Pardo de Tavera, Benito Legarda and Jose Luzurriaga were later appointed members of the Philippine Commission.]

Year 1901

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January 7, 1901
Apolinario Mabini, for his refusal to take the oath of allegiance to the United States, is deported to the island of Guam by General Order No. 4 as one of the persons ”whose acts clearly demonstrate them to be favorers or sympathizers with the insurrection.”(St. Clair, 315)

January 8, 1901
Cecilio Sigismundo, a courier of Aguinaldo, is convinced to surrender to the Americans, providing them with important information on Aguinaldo's whereabouts and activities. (Herman, 133)

January 21, 1901
General MacArthur orders the deportation to the Island of Guam of thirty-two prisoners "whose overt act has clearly revealed them as in aid of or in sympathy with the insurrection, the guerrilla warfare by which it is being maintained, and whose continued residence in these islands would, in every essential regard be inimical to the pacification thereof." (KalawM[1], 281)

February ??, 1901
Panay is pacified.

March 8, 1901
Aguinaldo replies to the November 12, 1900 inquiry of Mabini on whether to take the position of pursuing independence or giving it up in the course of negotiations with the Americans, saying: “We, representing the aspirations of the popular masses, of those popular masses free from oppression and threats, continue and shall continue the Titanic struggle unto the end; it must be remarked that if a few have presented themselves to the enemy, there are many more who have set out to increase the ranks, as can easily be seen everywhere; a reaction in the towns has been very noticeable during the past few months." (KalawM[1], 263)

March 15, 1901
General Mariano Trias, a key figure and long time associate of Aguinaldo, surrenders to the Americans, which greatly improved the situation in the province of Cavite. (Chaffee, N-2)

March 21, 1901
A certain Japanese national, adjutant to General Licerio Geronimo, known only by the name Tomvilla, surrenders to the Americans. (Commission[1-1], 166)

March 23, 1901
Aguinaldo is captured by Gen. Frederick Funston, aided by Macabebe scouts led by Hilario Tal Placido, who once served the Filipino Republican Army under Gen. Antonio Luna. (Herman, 138)

March ??, 1901
The Filipino revolutionary agents in Europe meet upon the invitation of Sixto Lopez and propose to establish a Philippine cabinet to consist of the following: President, Sr. Eduardo Lete; Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Tomas Arejola; Secretary of the Interior, Sr. Isabelo de los Reyes; Secretary of Finance, Sr. Galicano Apacible; Secretary of Public Instruction, Senior Cayetano Lucban; Secreatry of War, Sr. Emiliano Riego de Dios. General Riego de Dios will direct the war operations from Singapore where he is located. The group is unable to carry out the project. (KalawM[1], 255-256)

March 29, 1901
Gen. Licerio Geronimo, commander of the 2nd and 3rd zone and Province of Morong, 6 staff and 46 men, surrender to Colonel J.M. Thompson of the 42nd Infantry of the United States. (Herman, 140)

April 1, 1901
Aguinaldo takes the oath of allegiance to the United States.

April 3, 1901
General Capistrano who is operating in northern Mindanao is captured in Cagayan de Oro. (Moses, 113)

April 13, 1901
General Martin Delgado, the chief Filipino guerrilla leader in Negros Occidental, is appointed governor of Iloilo province by the Philippine Commission on recommendation of the military governor. (Moses, 123)

April 19, 1901
Aguinaldo issues a manifesto urging the Filpinos to lay down their arms for the complete termination of hostilities.

May 1, 1901
Gen Manuel Tinio and Col Blas Villamor who lead the Filipino guerrillas in the Ilocos provinces surrender to American Gen. Franklin Bell.

May 19, 1901
Filipino General Urbano Lacuna and all his men, except the American negro renegade David Fagan who deserted from the U.S. army and joined the Filipino Republican Army, surrender to General Funston. (Chaffee, M4)

May 28, 1901
General Wade reports that about three hundred armed insurgents attack the town of Donsol, province of Sorsogon, and withdrew after two hours of fighting, and several insurgents believed wounded. (PIS-V1N10, 113)

June, ??, 1901
An executive order is issued by President McKinley, conferring the executive authority which had hitherto been exercised by the Military Government on the president of the Philippine Commission. (KalawM[1], 297)

June 24, 1901
Filipino General Juan Cailles, who operates in the province of Laguna, together with his men surrender with more than 300 rifles. (Chaffee, N-2)

July 4, 1901
Civil government is inaugurated by the Americans to replace military administration. William Howard Taft is appointed the first American Governor General.
[This date is significant in respect of the American consideration of the nature of the conflict. From the American standpoint war has terminated and the remaining Filipino forces opposing the Americans are labeled bandits, ladrones or tulisanes. This date also ushers in the Philippine Scouts, an organization which is the formal implementation by the Americans of the traditional colonialist's tactic extensively practiced by England and Spain to employ native troops to fight their own countrymen.]

July 6, 1901
Filipino General Vito Belarmino, who is operating in the province of Sorsogon, Luzon, surrenders with 32 officers, 215 guns and 3,000 rounds of ammunition. (PIS-Review, 29; Chaffee, N-3)

July 16, 1901
Filipino guerrilla leader Cabarro, who operates in the island of Mindoro, surrenders with 70 men in the town of Calapan. The town is also surrendered. (PIS-Review, 29)

July 18, 1901
The islands of Cebu, Bohol and province of Batangas are returned to U.S. military control because of continued and heightened insurrection. (PIS-Review, 29)

July 19, 1901
Catholic authorities in Manila state that they have no intention of withdrawing the friars from the Philippines. (PIS-Review, 29)

July 21, 1901
General Miguel Malvar, in a manifesto issued in Makiling, Laguna announced that he has taken over command of whole revolutionary effort and urge everyone to continue the struggle. (Artigas, 663)

July 24, 1901
Filipino Colonel Zurbano, who operates in Tayabas (now Quezon province) surrenders with 29 officers, 518 men, 243 rifles and 1OO bolos. (PIS-Review, 29; Chaffee, N3)

July 27, 1901
Calapan, the capital of Mindoro province, is taken by the Americans and the island is now being occupied and explored. The island has furnished a large amount of supplies to Malvar's forces; these supplies are now cut off and will be a serious to him. (Chaffee, N-6)

August 23, 1901
The first contingent of American teachers - 160 young girls and 400 young men arrive on a rainy day aboard the steamship Thomas.

September 1, 1901
The appointment of three Filipinos, namely: T.H. Pardo de Tavera, Benito Legarda, and Jose Luzuriaga, into the Taft Commission takes effect. (Willis, 29)

September 21, 1901
Rafael Palma, writing in El Renacimiento, a liberal paper which he purposely founded when he left Cebu, expresses in the editorial the repressed feelings and idealism of the Filipino nationalists. (KalawM[1], 284)

September 29, 1901
The people of the town of Balangiga in Samar island, led by Eugenio S. Daza, under direction by Filipino officers from the command of General Vicente Lukban, launches a sneak attack on the U.S. contingent stationed in the town and kill 48 American soldiers.
[The Americans retaliated with the infamous order of Brig Gen Jacob Smith of the United States army, who implements the so-called scorching of Samar and is quoted as saying: "I want no prisoners. I wish you to kill and burn: the more you kill and burn the better you will please me." He is later tried and found guilty of issuing instructions contrary to good order by a court martial in Manila but is handed a very light sentence.]

October 10, 1901
The Central Filipino Committee in Hong Kong issues a pamphlet entitled, A Petition to the President of the United States, essentially seeking the conclusion of peace in the Philippines, establishment of relations between the two countries, at the same time, satisfy the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino people.

October 14, 1901
The police force at Bauan, Province of Batangas, is disarmed, and the Chief of Police with several others are placed under arrest on charge of belonging to the Katipunan society and using their offices to obtain information for the Filipino resistance fighters. (PIS-Review, 69)

October 28, 1901
General Smith has notified all the presidentes and head men of the pueblos of the province of Samar that they must surrender all arms and turn over all persons implicated in the Balangiga massacre, before November 6, or else they will be deported to Guam, their villages destroyed, and their property confiscated. Ten gunboats are vigilantly patrolling the Samar coast. Most of the towns in the southern part of the island have already been destroyed. (PIS-Review, 71)

October 31, 1901
General Chaffee forwards the following despatch from General Hughes: "Insurrecto forces Cebu Island have come in, laid down arms in good faith, in obedience to demand of people for peace: 150 rifles, 8 brass pieces, 6o officers, 470 men." (PIS-Review, 71)

November ??, 1901
A proposal to submit a petition for statehood in the American Union is approved in the convention of the Federal Party.

November 3, 1901
The Philippine Commission has publicly presented the draft of the act against treason and sedition. Many prominent Filipinos are present. Vice-Governor Wright explains that the object of the bill is to prevent the arousing of the masses of the people, who are now gradually drifting to the pursuits of peace, but who are susceptible to inflammatory utterances, to deeds of violence, saying: "No excuse exists for secret political organizations. Their intent must be evil. No matter what may have been the opinion of the Filipinos regarding the sovereignty of the American Government, the fact remains that the Americans are here, and, moreover, here they intend to stay.">(PIS-Review, 71)
[The bill was opposed by Sabella Reyes, a Spanish journalist, who claimed that "nothing political is criminal," and that the death penalty should never be inflicted for political offences. Senior Buencamino objected to the bill on behalf of the Federal Party. Senior Bautista, at one time president of the so-called Filipino Congress, said that Sections of the proposed law had created a panic in Manila, that Spain had no such laws, that in his opinion private citizens ought not to be compelled to divulge matters within their knowledge, that the doctrine of treason ought to apply to officials only, and that the bill as drawn, opens a great opportunity to blackmail.]

November 9, 1901
Pedro Paterno expresses his opposition to statehood petition of the Federal Party.(KalawM[1], 280)
[In a letter to Mr. Taft, Paterno explained that the party platform does not say shall be or must be considered a state and the Philippines have purely special and individual interests; the Filipinos have their own life distinct from that of the Mother Country, and it is natural that they should also desire self-administration, self-government.]

November 11, 1901
Inspite of the blockade of Samar, General Vicente Lukban, the Filipino guerrilla leader in the Visayas, has sent a message to General Smith, declaring that he will not listen to negotiations for surrender, until all the Americans have withdrawn from the Grandara Valley. (PIS-Review, 72)

November 13, 1901
Diaz, the presidente of Tacloban, in the island of Leyte, is arrested on charge of being an agent of the Filipino Junta in Hongkong. (PIS-Review, 72)

The American gunboat Leyte has discovered a signal station working on the island of Leyte and communicating with Filipino guerrillas on the island of Samar by the flash light system. Three operators are arrested, and the station is destroyed. The men confess that many recruits had been sent from Leyte to Samar. (PIS-Review, 72)

November 13, 1901
Four hundred Filipino guerrilla fighters of Bauan, in the Batangas Province, are attacked by Captain Hartman's troop of the First Cavalry. Half of the guerrillas are armed with rifles and are in rifle pits preparing for an attack. The cavalry charge kills 16 of them, wounding 5 and capturing 9 rifles the rest of the guerrillas withdraw, the cavalry pursuing them. Two large boat loads of arms are reported to have been landed on the southern part of the Batangas peninsula. The arms are not yet located. (PIS-Review, 72)

November 16, 1901
An American company of infantry in the island of Samar is attacked by Filipino guerrillas, who quickly withdraw. (PIS-Review, 128)

Captain Hall reports that he has had four separate engagements with the Filipino guerrillas in the province of Batangas. Result of scouting: one Filipino officer and 50,000 pounds of rice captured. General Sumner also reports an attack upon 400 guerrillas on Wednesday last. Filipinos are routed. General Sumner says this is the most severe blow the Filipinos have suffered since he assumed command. (PIS-Review, 128)

November 21, 1901
Aguinaldo writes to General Chaffee, asking the latter's permission to go before the U.S. Congress, accompanied by eight friends (four of whom are prisoners at Guam, while the others are prominent residents in Manila), to express the desires of the Filipino people. (PIS-Review, 128)

November 29, 1901
American Brigadier-general Franklin Bell with a battalion of the Fifth Infantry left Manila to assume command of the troops in the province of Batangas. (PIS-Review, 129)

November ??, 1901
The Sedition Law is passed, which essentially decrees it to be unlawful for any person to advocate independence of the Philippine Islands or separation from the United States whether by peaceful or other means or to officially publish pamphlets advocating such independence or separation. (KalawM[1], 282)
[The planned organization of the nationalists party by members of the Federal Party who were opposed to statehood was scuttled because of the threat of arrest.]

December 6, 1901
General Chaffee issues orders for the closing of all ports in the provinces of Laguna and Batangas. The Quartermasters there will cease paying rents to the Filipinos for buildings used for military purposes, as it is known that a large proportion of the money so paid finds its way to the Filipino guerrillas in the shape of contributions; and General Chaffee intends that no more government funds shall find their way into the hands of the enemy. The reason for closing the ports is that too many supplies are found to be getting into the possession of the Filipino guerrillas. (PIS-Review, 129)

General Bell, in his report to Washington discloses the methods he will employ to rid Batangas, Laguna and Tayabas of rebels, thus: "I am now assemblying in the neighborhood of 2,500 men who will be used in columns of fifty men each. I take so large a command for the purpose of thoroughly searching each ravine, valley and mountain peak for insurgents and for food, expecting to destroy everything I find outside the towns. All able-bodied men will be killed or captured... These people need a thrashing to teach them some good common sense, and they should have it for the good of all concerned." (Storey, 120)

December 8, 1901
General Bell issues his Order No. 2 to all station commanders in his brigade implementing reconcentration in the provinces of Batangas, Laguna and Tayabas.

December 9, 1901
A military commission has sentenced the Filipino general, Isidoro Torres, to be hanged, after finding him guilty of ordering the assassination of an American corporal last October. The sentence of the commission is disapproved by General Chaffee. (PIS-Review, 129)

December 16, 1901
Filipino General Isidoro Torres is released and has expressed the highest regard for General Chaffee, and his appreciation that the supreme military power in the Philippines is in the hands of such a man, and says he is submissive to the existing conditions. (PIS-Review, 129)

December 18, 1901
The Provincial Secretary of Batangas province reported to Governor Taft that the mortality in Batangas due to war, pestilence, and famine has reduced to a little over 200,000 the more than 300,000 inhabitants which in former years the province had. (Blount, 395)

December 25, 1901
General Samson and all the other Filipino guerrilla officers on the island of Bohol have surrendered, with 28 cannon and 45 guns. (PIS-Review, 169)

December ??, 1901
Bohol and Cebu are pacified.

Year 1902

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January 1, 1902
U.S. Brigadier General Franklin Bell implements his pacification campaign of Batangas, Laguna and part of Tayabas (now Quezon province). (Ramsey, 8-9)
[The campaign weighed heavily on the infamous reconcentrado in the contiguous provinces of Batangas and Laguna where Filipino General Miguel Malvar is very active. This system operated like a very large concentration camp, that was extensively used by the Spaniards in Cuba and also in the Philippine Islands during the initial phase of the Philippine revolution, and denounced by the United States as inhuman. The same scheme was not only adopted by the U.S. military in its effort to force Filipinos accept American sovereignty, but also legalized by the American controlled Philippine Commission during the incumbency of Governor General William Howard Taft. This scheme works in this manner: a designated town or zone is established under control and protection of the American military and all civilians living outside this zone are required to move into the zone, together with all their possessions - animals, harvests, tools and implements. After lapse of a specified deadline any able-bodied persons found outside the zone are captured or killed, and all crops, animals and food that cannot be brought into the zone are destroyed. The objective is to prevent the guerrillas from obtaining aid from the civilians and deny the guerrillas access to food and supplies. The system of reconcentrado brought untold sufferings to both the civilian population and the guerrillas because no one attended to the farms and food had become very scarce. Similar zoning were done by the Americans in the Bicol provinces and in the Visayas, particularly Cebu, Samar and Bohol, which were accompanied by large scale defoliations and devastation.]

January 3, 1902
U.S. Major Myer captures quite an extensive arsenal and plant for the making of cartridges, on the north-west coast of Leyte, also another powder factory, large quantities of ammunition, four cannon, and several rifles. (PIS-Review, 170)

January ??, 1902
Filipino General Luciano San Miguel takes over command of all troops in the field in the vicinity of Manila which numbered around 150 armed men. A great many of the arms had been taken from municipal police forces of the surrounding country. Two Constabulary detachments of about 40 men each, the first. under the command of Capt. W. W. Warren and the other under the command of Lieut. Twilley while scouting near the boundary of Bulacan and Rizal are attacked and whipped. (Khaki[1], 16,20)

January 13, 1902
Colonel Marisigan and all his forces surrenders in Taal, Batangas.

January 15, 1902
A captured communication from the Filipino junta at Hong Kong to General Lukban, the Filipino guerrilla leader on Samar Island, authorizes him to surrender if he wishes to do so, but does not advocate this action. If he surrenders, the letter says, he need not deliver a single Filipino soldier or officer to the Americans, nor must he nor any other officer be forced to accept civil appointment. They may emigrate if allowed to do so; but no Filipino must be obliged to take the oath of allegiance to the United States. Under these terms the Hong Kong junta has no objection to Lukban's surrendering. (PIS-Review, 171)

January 17, 1902
Three hundred and sixty-five Filipino guerrillas surrender in the island of Bohol. (PIS-Review, 171)

January 20, 1902
General Agueda Kahabagan, the only woman general of the Philippine Revolutionary Army is captured by men of the Eight Infantry in Laguna province. (PIS-Review, 171)

February 22, 1902
Lieutenant Stribler of the Philippine Scouts captures Filipino General Vicente Lukban in Samar. (PIS-Review, 240)

February 24, 1902
A force of native constabulary captures Cortez, second in command to General Malvar, on information furnished by a friendly native to constabulary inspector Sorensen. (PIS-Review, 240)

March 17, 1902
Filipino guerrilla leader, Guevara, issues a proclamation in Samar declaring he has succeeded General Lukban. (PIS-Review, 241)

March 25, 1902
The guerrilla leader in Laguna, Caballos, surrenders to Lieutenant Colonel Dougherty of the Seventh Infantry and orders his followers to cease hostitilities. (PIS-Review, 241)

Filipino General Arcadio Maxilom and his brother make a desperate attempt to escape while being conveyed in a launch to the town of Cebu, stabs the master of the launch, is overpowered and his brother is killed. (PIS-Review, 241)

March 27, 1902
Filipino General Mariano Noriel, the other guerrilla general other than Malvar still remaining in the field, is captured by Lieutenant Bramford of the the Twentieth Infantry. (PIS-Review, 241)

March 28, 1902
General Smith confers with Filipino guerrilla leader Guevara and several of his officers in Manila who are arranging for the surrender of entire insurgent force in Samar by April 15th. (PIS-Review, 241)

April 7, 1902
General Smith arrives in Manila to testify in the case of Major Waller in a court martial. General Smith says he considers Guevarra, the guerrilla leader in Samar who is to surrender the 15th, to be a man of energy and intelligence, and that the armistice in Samar had been faithfully kept. (PIS-Review, 242)

April 9, 1902
Major Waller testifies today that General Jacob M. Smith, in command of the American troops at Samar, instructed him to kill and burn; says that the more he killed and burned, the better pleased he would be; that it was no time to take prisoners, and that he was to make Samar a howling wilderness. Asked to define the age limit for killing, General Smith had answered, " Everyone over ten." (PIS-Review, 242)

April 13, 1902
Major Waller is declared not guilty, the court standing eleven to two for acquittal. (PIS-Review, 242)

April 17, 1902
General Malvar and three thousand two hundred and thirty-six of his men surrender to General Bell. Malvar says the support of people, primarily food and supplies, has dwindled resulting from the effective implementation of the reconcentrado.
[Malvar finally settled in his hometown of Sto. Tomas, Batangas with his wife and seven children and concentrated in farming. He was stricken by liver illness and died on October 13, 1911.]

April 21, 1902
Filipino guerrilla leader in Mindanao, General Rufino, with 26 officers and 375 soldiers, surrenders in Misamis. (PIS-Review, 243)

May 6, 1902
General Malvar issues a proclamation declaring an end to the war. (Fernandez, 175)

June 23, 1902
General Bell, having succeeded in the pacification of Batangas and Laguna, returns the provinces to the civil government. (Ramsey, 14)

July ??, 1902
Macario Sakay, a katipunero, establishes the Republika ng Katagalugan in the mountains of Southern Luzon with him as president, Francisco Carreon, vice president, Julian Montalan, overall supervisor for military operations. Cornelio Felizardo is designated in charge of nothern part of Cavite, Lucio de Vega, of the rest of Cavite, Aniceto Oruga, of the lake towns of Batangas, Leon Villafuerte, of Bulacan and Benito Natividad, of Tanauan, Batangas.

July 1, 1902
The Philippine Civil Government Bill passes the United States congress and is signed by the President, essentially providing for the establishing of a civil government headed by a Civil Governor, with the Philippine Commission acting as the legislative body. (Willis, 39)

July 4, 1902
U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt orders the termination of military government in the parts of the Islands inhabited by the Christian Filipinos and declares that the war in the Philippines is over and proclaims amnesty to all those who have taken part in the rebellion. (KalawM[1], 284)

July 7, 1902
The new Katipunan headed by Domingo Moriones, Aguedo del Rosario and four others, are captured by Inspector Licerio Greronimo on July 7, 1902, near Marikina, together with all paraphernalia, regalia and records. This same officer, Geronimo, who was a General in the Republican Army of Aguinaldo, with seven men of his company, just missed being captured in Diliman, Bulacan (now Quezon City) by Guillermo and Samson a few days later. - (Khaki[1], 20)

August 24, 1902
The political leaders exiled in Guam are told that they can go back to the Philippines provided they take the oath of allegiance to the United States without mental reservation or purpose of evasion. Mabini refuses to take the oath on the basis that he does not know the conditions existing in the Philippines Islands if the people have accepted American sovereignty. (KalawM[1], 285)

September 8, 1902
The Philippine Commission certifies to the President of the United States the fact that the insurrection in all the christian provinces had completely ceased and that a condition of general and complete peace had been established. (KalawM[1], 226)

October 1, 1902
In a meeting of the few surviving generals of the Philippine revolutionary army presided by General. Benito Sta. Ana and attended by Julian Santos, A. Samson, Francisco Rivera, Miguel Capistrano, Laureano Abelino, Carlos Gabriel, Gregorio Esteban, Severo Alcantara, Perfecto Dizon, Ismael Francisco, Anatalio Austria and Marcelino Santa Ana , the most senior among them, General Luciano San Miguel, is appointed Captain General and Chief of military operations of the islands, to head the renewed effort to resuscitate the Katipunan as the solidifying force for the continuation of the resistance against the Americans.

October ??, 1902
Believing that the time had come to organize political parties favoring independence in view of the declaration of peace and the return of the exiles from Guam, Pedro Paterno organizes the Liberal Party whose main object is "to establish in the Philippines by following the road of evolution, a responsible self-government whose object will be to form and to establish the Filipino nationality." He did not use the word "independence" in order not to invite the suspicion of General Otis that he will be pursuing the course towards independence. (KalawM[1], 285)

November 15,1902
Due to the objection of Governor Taft on the independence platform of the proposed Partido Democrata to be established by Jose Maria de la Vina, Justo Lukban, Leon Ma. Guerrero and Alberto Barretto, the organizers write Mr. Taft as follows: "Taking into consideration your unfavorable criterion in regard to the formation of our party, and the fact that, if we are looked at with suspicion by the authorities, it would be impossible to carry on our propaganda and to keep up our party with the freedom required for the exercise of our liberties, the Committee on Organization has decided, by a majority, to suspend for the present, the organization of the Democratic Party." (KalawM[1], 289)

December 5, 1902
Dr. Gomez and Mr. Poblete pay their respects to Governor Taft to obtain the necessary permit for the reformed Nacionalista party. Mr. Taft , who naturally would look at the party with disfavor because five of its original signers were jailed under the Sedition law, replies as follows: "Now if I could impart one lesson to you it would be to forget politics for two years and to take steps only to the uplifting of the agricultural prosperity of this country." (KalawM[1], 287)

December ??, 1902
Paterno changes the name of his party to Partido Independista, probably because he believes that the feeling for independence is growing. The program of the party is also changed, and this time it openly advocates the independence of the Philippines as the aspiration of the people, to be secured by political means as an act of justice from the American people. (KalawM[1], 286)

December 24, 1902
Filipino resistance leader Julian Santos sends 80 men to attack Pasig. In this attack two members of the Constabulary are killed and two are wounded. (Khaki[1], 20)

Year 1903

2008-12-08T14:43:00.000-08:00

February 25, 1903
Apolinario Mabini, after finally taking the oath of allegiance to the United States, together with several other prisoners, return to Manila from exile in Guam. In a manifesto to the people he explains his action in the following words: "When the country went to war, I believed that my duty was to be by her side and to help her suffer until the end; now that she feels helpless to continue fighting for her rights, I believe that I should also be by her side, in order to tell her that she should not be discouraged, but should have more confidence in herself, in justice and in her future." (KalawM[1], 285)

March 27, 1903
General Luciano San Miguel, the last holdout general of the Filipino Republican Army, is killed in a battle with the Constabulary at Coral-na-bato in what is now Rizal province. His death and the subsequent round up of the rest of the members of the Katipunan and its leaders have brought the resistance in the province of Rizal to an end. (Khaki[1], 24)
[San Miguel was one of the early leaders of the revolution who started as a katipunero in the Magdiwang faction of Mariano Alvarez in San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite.]

April ??, 1903
Macario Sakay issues a manifesto stating that Filipinos have a fundamental right to fight for independence. By this time, the Americans have made it a policy that a mere statement about Philippine independence is already a crime.

May 13, 1903
Apolinario Mabini dies of cholera during an epidemic in Manila.

July 31, 1903
The Hongkong Junta is officially dissolved with the publication of a notice published in El Renacimiento. (KalawM[1], 257)
[Agoncillo and Apacible claimed that the failure of their mission was due to the following facts: (1) The statements of Tavera and Legarda before the Schurman Commission that there were only a few ambitious persons who desired independence and that it was necessary to have the Philippines annexed to the United States because the people were not ready to enjoy self-government; (2) the celebration initiated by Paterno in commemoration of the amnesty proclamation; (3) the establishment of the Federal Party which placed itself unconditionally at the service of the American government, composed as it was by the Imperialists, and its petition for annexation; (4) the telegram from Buencamino to McKinley offering to organize five thousand Filipino soldier to fight and annihilate the insurgents who continued in arms; (5) Aguinaldo's oath of allegiance recognizing American sovereignty and counselling the people to accept peace.]

December ??, 1903
General Artemio Ricarte secretly arrives in Manila from Hong Kong on board the steamship Yuensang where he served as a crew, and starts to recruit former active members of the revolution for his planned uprising. (Ricarte, Appendix XXV)
[Ricarte and Apolinario Mabini were released in February, 1903 from their prison-exile in Guam as a result of a general amnesty proclaimed by the Americans and on the way home on board the transport Thomas, the two were urged to take the oath of allegiance to the United States. Mabini, being ill, opted to do so, but Ricarte refused and was deported to Hongkong]

Year 1904

2008-12-06T14:48:00.000-08:00

January 10, 1904
Major J. S. Garwood, district Chief, seven officers and 173 enlisted men from the provinces of Abra, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur and Cagayan, take steps to quell the general insurrection being waged in the province of Isabela led by General Manuel Tomines and his aide, an American deserter named Maurice Sibley from the 16th Infantry, U.S. Volunteers. (Khaki[1], 36)

May 29, 1904
General Artemio Ricarte is arrested in a cockpit in Mariveles, Bataan after a certain Luis Baltazar, a clerk in the provincial government tipped off the American authorities. (Ricarte, IX)
[Ricarte was released after serving six years in a solitary cell in Bilibid prison. He refused to take the oath of allegiance to the United States, was exiled to Hongkong, then to Shanghai, and from there went to live in Yokohama, Japan. He came back along with the invading Japanese Imperial Army during World War II, exhorting Filipinos to fight with the Japanese against the Americans, but his call fell on deaf ears. He died on July 31, 1945 in the Sierra Madre mountains with Japanese troops while trying to elude American forces. He never gave up his fight against the Americans all through the end.]

March 27, 1904
General Manuel Tomines of Isabela is captured while making a visit to his brother's house in Naguilian, Benguet to get food and clothes. The capture is effected by Lieutenants McLean and Collins with Sub-Inspector Fernandez and two enlisted men. (Khaki[1], 38)

Summer, 1904
A petition is sent to the U.S. Presidential convention signed by prominent Americans which contained the following words: We ask that the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands be granted their national independence as soon as, with the countenance and aid, and under the protection of this Republic, they can install a free government of their own. This request is rejected by the Republicans but accepted by the Democrats and made a key item in their party's platform. (Willis, 25)

December ??, 1904
In the annual message to Congress, President Roosevelt, contrary to the action of his party at their convention, accepts the notion of ultimate home rule for the Philippines, but rejects the idea of a pledge to that effect as purely academic. (Willis, 25)

Year 1905

2008-12-04T14:51:00.000-08:00

January 5, 1905
At sunset, Julian Montalan, with his own band and the bands of Fructuoso Vito, Masigla and De Vega, march up the main street of Taal in the province of Batangas, disarm the municipal police who made but a semblance of resistance; murder one policeman; and loot the municipal treasury. Most of the townspeople remain quietly in their houses, but a few openly fraternize with the raiders, who finally depart with twenty rifles, fifteen shotguns and about seven thousand pesos. (Khaki[1], 38)
[Montalan was among the first revolutionaries who fought against Spain under the banner of the Magdiwang Council of the province of Cavite headed by Mariano Alvarez where Montalan was accorded the rank of Colonel.]

January 24, 1905
Montalan, together with Felizardo, De Vega, Masigla and Vito, and their men, disguised in constabulary and scout uniforms, raid the town of San Francisco Malabon in Cavite province, engage the government troops in a firefight and take off with cash and valuables and the wife of ex-insurgent General Mariano Trias' wife and two children. (Khaki[1], 40)

Year 1906

2008-12-02T14:53:00.000-08:00

July 14, 1906
On the strength of a purported letter allegedly signed by American Gov. Gen. Henry Ide that offered Macario Sakay and his men the opportunity to surrender peacefully without prosecution, Dominador Gomez, a known political activist who stood for complete and immediate independence of the Philippines from American control, is able to convince the rebels to go down from the mountains and become peaceful citizens.

July 17, 1906
Sakay and his staff are arrested by American officers in a dance hosted by the acting governor of Cavite. They are tried and convicted as bandits.

September 5, 1906
General Simon Ola, one of the leaders of Filipino resistance in Bicol surrenders to the Americans.

September 13, 1906
Sakay is hanged, but before he died he uttered: "Filipinas, farewell! Long live the Republic and may our independence be born in the future."
[Gregoria de Jesus, the widow of Andres Bonifacio, exalted the patriotism of Macario Sakay. In her autobiography, she says: “Some people consider Sakay a bad man, who in the end became a bandit, but I know that he helped greatly the Katipunan. Macario Sakay was a true patriot ...The first printing press, the revolvers and other weapons, the seal, and other articles were also received from Messrs. Francisco and Valeriano del Castillo, men of the right spirit, patriotic, and of high ideals, who, when informed of the aims of the Katipunan, immediately purchased a big printing press in order to rush the printing of the Kartilla, the newspaper and rules of the society. So, Emilio Jacinto, Aguedo del Rosario, and Alejandro, Cipriano, and Marciano Santiago from Polo, Bulakan, worked together in the printing office, while Macario Sakay and other leaders took charge of the distribution and went on errands.”]

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Jose P. Santos, "Si Andres Bonifacio at ang Himagsikan", bound under the title "Pagsusulatan nang dalauang bininibi na ni Urbana at si Feliza", by Modesto de Castro, Manila, J. Martinez[190?]; Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library 2005

Sawyer
Frederick Henry Read Sawyer, "The Inhabitants of the Philippines", London, Sampson Low, Marston and Company, 1900, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library 2005

Sevilla
Maximo B. Sevilla, "Luha at Dugo, Hayag ng mga Pangyayari, buhat ng 1895 hanggang 1913", Manila, Imp. Sevilla, 1918, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library 2005

Sheridan
Richard Brinsley Sheridan, "The Filipino Martyrs, A Story of Crime of February 4, 1899 by an Eyewitness", London & New York, J. Lane, 1900, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library 2005

Spooner
John C. Spooner, "The Philippine tariff : speech ... in the senate of the United States, Friday, February 21, 1902" Washington: [s.n.], 1902, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library 2005

St. Clair
Francis St. Clair, “The Katipunan: or, The rise and fall of the Filipino commune”, Manila: Tip. "Amigos del pais,", 1902, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library 2005

Stickney
Joseph Stickney, "Admiral Dewey at Manila and the complete story of the Philippines : life and glorious deeds of Admiral George Dewey, including a thrilling account of our conflicts with the Spaniards and Filipinos in the Orient", Chicago: Imperial Pub. Co., 1899, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library 2005

Storey
Moorefield Storey and Marcial P. Lichauco, "The Conquest of the Philippines by the United States", New York and London, G.Putnam's Sons, 1926, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library 2005

Storey[2]
Moorfield Storey, "Secretary Root's record. 'Marked severities' in Philippine warfare. An analysis of the law and facts bearing on the action and utterances of President Roosevelt and Secretary Root",Codman, Julian, joint author, Boston: G.H. Ellis co., printers, 1902, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library 2005

Swift
Morrison I. Swift, "Imperialism and liberty", Los Angeles: The Ronbroke press, 1899, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library 2005

Taft
Helen Heron Taft, "Recollection of Full Years by Mrs. William Howard Taft", New York, Dodd, Mead, 1914, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library 2005

Taylor
Eugenio Lopez Foundation, "The Philippine Insurrection Against the United States, a compilation of documents with notes and introduction by John R.M. Taylor, with introduction by Renato Constantino", Vol. 1, 1571 to May 19, 1898, "Pasay City, Philippines, 1971

Thomas
Aretas W. Thomas, "The Philippines and the purpose. Being the facts concerning the Philippines and the acts of the administration in relation thereto, as officially transmitted by the president to congress--proving the purpose of imperialism.", Washington, D.C.: The Jeffersonian democrat pub. co., 1900, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library 2005

Treaty
United States, "A treaty of peace between the United States and Spain. Message from the President of the United States transmitting a treaty of peace between the United States and Spain, signed at the city of Paris on December 10, 1898 ...[with accompanying papers and map]”, Washington, Gov't. Printing Office, 1898, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library 2005

US Papers
United States, "Papers relating to the treaty with Spain [submitted in answer to resolution of the Senate, Jan. 6, 1899, including a report from the secretary of state, instructions of the President to the United States peace commission and telgraphic correspondence", Dept. of State. [Washington: Govt. print. Off., 1901], Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library 2005

Valentine
John Joseph Valentine, "Imperial Democracy: Dutch colonizers in Malaysia; annexation of the Philippines", San Francisco, Cal., 1899, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library 2005

White
Trumbull White, "Our new possessions ..." A graphic account, descriptive and historical, of the tropic islands of the sea which have fallen under our sway... Book I. The Philippine Islands. Book II. Puerto Rico. Book III. Cuba. Book IV. The Hawaiian Islands ... Chicago, Ill.: National educational union, [c1898]; Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library 2005

Wildman
Edwin Wildman, "Aguinaldo: A Narrative of Filipino Ambitions", Boston, Lothrop Publishing Co., 1901", Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library 2005

Willis
Henry Parker Willis, "Our Philippine Problem; A study of American colonial policy", New York, H. Holt and Company, 1905, Ann Arbor, Michigan:University of Michigan Library 2005

Winchester
"Ministers' meeting of protest against atrocities in the Philippines: Address of Rev. E. Winchester Donald, Rev. B.F. Trueblood [and others]", Tremont Temple, Boston, May 22, 1902, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library 2005

Younghusband
George John Younghusband, “The Philippines and round about: with some account of British interests in these waters, by Major G. J. Younghusband, .... With illustrations and map", London, New York: Macmillan and Co., 1899. Ann Arbor, Michigan:University of Michigan Library 2005

Images of the war years (1896-1906)

2008-12-01T02:58:00.000-08:00

This page has been moved to a separate website. Please follow this link: Images of the war years (1896-1906)